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  • Question 1 - During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much...

    Correct

    • During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much as:

      Your Answer: 50%

      Explanation:

      Pregnancy involves remarkable orchestration of physiologic changes. The kidneys are central players in the evolving hormonal milieu of pregnancy, responding and contributing to the changes in the environment for the pregnant woman and foetus. The functional impact of pregnancy on kidney physiology is widespread, involving practically all aspects of kidney function. The glomerular filtration rate increases 50% with subsequent decrease in serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid values. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      86.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The second stage of labour involves: ...

    Incorrect

    • The second stage of labour involves:

      Your Answer: Expulsion of the placenta

      Correct Answer: Expulsion of the foetus

      Explanation:

      First stage: The latent phase is generally defined as beginning at the point at which the woman perceives regular uterine contractions. A definition of active labour is having contractions more frequent than every 5 minutes, in addition to either a cervical dilation of 3 cm or more or a cervical effacement of 80% or more.

      Second stage: fetal expulsion begins when the cervix is fully dilated, and ends when the baby is born.

      Third stage: placenta delivery – The period from just after the foetus is expelled until just after the placenta is expelled is called the third stage of labour or the involution stage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following increases during pregnancy? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following increases during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Tidal Volume

      Explanation:

      Ventilation begins to increase significantly at around 8 weeks of gestation, most likely in response to progesterone-related sensitization of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide and the increased metabolic rate. Significant alterations occur in the mechanical aspects of ventilation during pregnancy. Minute ventilation (or the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in 1 minute) is the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate and increases by approximately 30–50 per cent with pregnancy. The increase is primarily a result of tidal volume, which increases by 40 per cent (from 500 to 700 mL), because the respiratory rate remains unchanged. The increase in minute ventilation is perceived by the pregnant woman as shortness of breath, which affects 60–70 per cent of women. This physiological dyspnoea is usually mild and affects 50 per cent of women before 20 weeks gestation, but resolves immediately postpartum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      21.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH? ...

    Incorrect

    • Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH?

      Your Answer: 7.22

      Correct Answer: 7.18

      Explanation:

      A pH value below than 7.18 indicates acidosis which can result in hypoxic brain injury. In order to prevent brain injury, immediate delivery of the foetus should be planned. The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      23.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at: ...

    Incorrect

    • The β-hCG curve in maternal serum in a normal pregnancy peaks at:

      Your Answer: 18 weeks of pregnancy

      Correct Answer: 10 weeks of pregnancy

      Explanation:

      During the first 8 weeks of pregnancy, concentrations of hCG in the blood and urine usually double every 24 hours. Levels of the hormone typically peak at around 10 weeks, decline until 16 weeks, then remain constant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Spinnbarkheit is a term which means: ...

    Correct

    • Spinnbarkheit is a term which means:

      Your Answer: Threading of the cervical mucous

      Explanation:

      Spinnability (or Spinnbarkeit), which measures the capacity of fluids to be drawn into threads, represents an indirect measurement of the adhesive and elastic properties of mucus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      31.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is: ...

    Correct

    • Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is:

      Your Answer: Early abortion

      Explanation:

      Luteal phase defect is an ovulatory disorder of considerable clinical importance that is implicated in infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia?

      Your Answer: Type II (late) decelerations with tachycardia

      Explanation:

      A type II deceleration is due to placental insufficiency which can result in fetal distress and asphyxia. The fetal heart rate is lowest at the start of the contraction and returns to normal after the contraction is complete.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      92
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - A serum progesterone value less than 5ng/ml can exclude the diagnosis of viable...

    Correct

    • A serum progesterone value less than 5ng/ml can exclude the diagnosis of viable pregnancy with a certainty of:

      Your Answer: 100%

      Explanation:

      Serum progesterone has been proposed as a useful test to distinguish a viable pregnancy from a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Low progesterone values are associated with miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies, both considered non-viable pregnancies, and high progesterone concentrations with viable pregnancies. A single progesterone measurement for women in early pregnancy presenting with bleeding or pain and inconclusive ultrasound assessments can rule out a viable pregnancy. The probability of a non-viable pregnancy was raised from 62.9% to 96.8%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      31.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - What form is 99% of body calcium found in? ...

    Incorrect

    • What form is 99% of body calcium found in?

      Your Answer: Calcium Bicarbonate

      Correct Answer: Calcium Phosphate

      Explanation:

      Calcium phosphate salts are the most abundant form of calcium in the body, making up 99%. The majority of these salts are stored in the skeleton in different forms, mostly, hydroxyapatite, a lattice-like crystal composed of calcium, phosphates and hydroxide. The remaining calcium can be found in the extracellular fluid, tissues and skeletal muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.9
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest: ...

    Incorrect

    • Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest:

      Your Answer: During breast feeding

      Correct Answer: On the 3rd to 4th day postpartum

      Explanation:

      Prolactin is necessary for the secretion of milk by the cells of the alveoli. The level of prolactin in the blood increases markedly during pregnancy, and stimulates the growth and development of the mammary tissue, in preparation for the production of milk. However, milk is not secreted then, because progesterone and oestrogen, the hormones of pregnancy, block this action of prolactin. After delivery, levels of progesterone and oestrogen fall rapidly, prolactin is no longer blocked, and milk secretion begins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy:

      Your Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin

      Explanation:

      Thyroid function in pregnancy is altered in two ways; the circulating levels of the thyroid binding proteins are increased, resulting in an increase in the total circulating levels of thyroid hormones (but a slight fall in the free component).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      34.8
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - A sure sign of pregnancy is: ...

    Correct

    • A sure sign of pregnancy is:

      Your Answer: Auscultation of fetal heart

      Explanation:

      Classifications of Pregnancy Signs:
      Presumptive signs — possibility of pregnancy
      Probable signs — most likelihood of indicating pregnancy
      Positive signs — confirmation of pregnancy
      Auscultation of fetal heart is the only positive sign amongst the rest of the answers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      22.5
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?...

    Correct

    • What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?

      Your Answer: Hb Gower 1

      Explanation:

      HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 weeks old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of ovulation in female?

      Your Answer: LH surge

      Explanation:

      Different changes can occur during the menstrual cycle including an increased body temperature at the time of ovulation, thinning of the cervical mucus and few other changes, but it is the LH surge which is the most important factor necessary for ovulation.
      Mittelschmerz is characterised by recurrent midcycle pain which occurs around the time of ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      15.5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - A patient is about to undergo an elective C-section. She wants to know...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is about to undergo an elective C-section. She wants to know how long it will take for her wound to completely heal.

      How much time does it take for healing by primary intention to reach full tensile strength?

      Your Answer: 6 weeks

      Correct Answer: 12 weeks

      Explanation:

      Wound healing typically undergoes different stages that include haemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and remodelling. The phases are often shortened when healing occurs by primary intention such as in a surgical wound. Remodelling, which is the major strengthening phase, takes about 3 weeks, while it takes a total of 12 weeks to reach maximum tensile strength.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?...

    Correct

    • What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Endometrial gland proliferation

      Explanation:

      During follicular phase, there is an increase in gonadotrophin hormones and a proliferation of the endometrium occurs. The duration of the cycle depends upon the overall length of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone levels are increased in the luteal phase and not in follicular phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      33.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following pubertal events is NOT mediated by gonadal oestrogen production?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following pubertal events is NOT mediated by gonadal oestrogen production?

      Your Answer: Pubic hair growth

      Explanation:

      The role of androgens in the female includes acting as precursors for oestrogen production, anabolic effects, stimulation of axillary and pubic hair growth, sebum production, stimulation of bone formation, and stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidneys.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a...

    Correct

    • What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a new born term baby?

      Your Answer: 7.2

      Explanation:

      The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, and preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4. A pH below 7.1 therefore indicates acidosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation:

      Your Answer: Day 21 oestrogen level is elevated

      Correct Answer: Regular cycle with dysmenorrhea

      Explanation:

      Ovulation in the menstrual cycle usually occurs over 4 days. There is an increase in basal body temperature at the time of ovulation due to the effect of progesterone.

      A high Day 21 progesterone level indicates ovulation and the release of an egg.

      Dysmenorrhea is described as painful menstruation. The symptoms start at the time of ovulation and persist till menstruation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14.2
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: Has high specificity but low sensitivity

      Correct Answer: Has low specificity but high sensitivity

      Explanation:

      There are different ways of monitoring fetal heart rate during pregnancy. It can be done by just auscultation or by electronic fetal heart rate monitoring which is done with the help of an ultrasound machine and has a low specificity but high sensitivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      32.1
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?

      Your Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia with incidence rates in the UK approximately 30 per 100,000 The majority of patients are postmenopausal women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days...

    Correct

    • The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days menstrual cycle is:

      Your Answer: Progesterone

      Explanation:

      After ovulation, the dominant follicle turns into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone. To confirm ovulation, serum progesterone or its metabolite in urine, can be measured. A single serum progesterone level >3 ng/ml in mid‐luteal phase has been used to retrospectively detect ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      24.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions? ...

    Correct

    • Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Suckling

      Explanation:

      Serum prolactin levels are increased during suckling. Some other conditions in which serum prolactin is increased consist of: prolactin secreting brain tumours, anti psychotic drugs and hypothyroidism. It can also be increased in pregnancy, nipple stimulation and stress.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      18.6
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound...

    Correct

    • Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound to red blood cell antigens in vivo?

      Your Answer: Direct Coombs

      Explanation:

      When the red cells are coated with immune IgG antibody, the cells do not agglutinate but when anti-IgG antiserum is added to these sensitized cells visible agglutination occurs. This is known as a positive direct coombs test.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - In the earliest phase of wound healing platelets are held together by what?...

    Correct

    • In the earliest phase of wound healing platelets are held together by what?

      Your Answer: Fibrin

      Explanation:

      The 1st stage of wound healing is haemostasis. Even in incised wounds a small haematoma forms. Here the clotting cascade is activated by tissue factor and endothelial cells resulting in activation of platelets. This results in platelet aggregation and the laying down of a fibrin mesh that is cross linked and holds the platelets in place.
      Wound healing is typically divided into phases:
      1. Haemostasis Phase
      2. Inflammatory phase
      3. Proliferation phase
      4. Remodelling phase

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - What is the average lifespan of a basophil (white blood cell)? ...

    Correct

    • What is the average lifespan of a basophil (white blood cell)?

      Your Answer: 3-4 days

      Explanation:

      Basophils are granulocytic white blood cells. They express IgE antibody on their surface and react to release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to mediate an inflammatory, allergic reaction.
      Blood Cell Lifespans:
      Red Blood Cells 120 days
      Platelets 5-9 days
      White blood cells 2-5 days

      Neutrophils (up to 5 days)
      Basophils (2 to 3 days)
      Eosinophils (2 to 5 days)
      Monocytes (1 to 5 days)
      Lymphocytes (variable)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Lowered haemoglobin during normal pregnancy is a physiological finding which is mainly due...

    Correct

    • Lowered haemoglobin during normal pregnancy is a physiological finding which is mainly due to:

      Your Answer: Increased plasma volume

      Explanation:

      During pregnancy, anaemia increases more than fourfold from the first to third trimester. It is a well established fact that there is a physiological drop in haemoglobin (Hb) in the mid trimester. This physiological drop is attributed to increase of plasma volume and hence decrease of blood viscosity lead to better circulation in placenta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The resting pulse in pregnancy is: ...

    Correct

    • The resting pulse in pregnancy is:

      Your Answer: Increased by 10 to 15 bpm

      Explanation:

      During pregnancy cardiac output increases by 30 to 50%. As a result, the resting pulse speeds up from a normal of about 70 bpm to 80 or 90 bpm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the: ...

    Correct

    • After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the:

      Your Answer: Hepatic portal vein

      Explanation:

      Immediately after birth the liver is deprived of the large flow of blood supplied during foetal development via the umbilical vein and portal sinus. Simultaneously the blood pressure in the portal sinus, previously as high as in the umbilical vein, falls.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      20.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Physiology (22/30) 73%
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