00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00 : 00 : 00
Session Time
00 : 00
Average Question Time ( Secs)
Retry this test Dashboard

  • Question 1 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found? ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the left third intercostal space underneath the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      24.5
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - In which area is depolarization initiated? ...

    Correct

    • In which area is depolarization initiated?

      Your Answer: SA node

      Explanation:

      SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. It determines the rate of contractions. It is the place where depolarization is initiated. It exhibits phase 4 depolarization or automaticity. Electrical impulses then spread to the AV node, purkinje fibers, bundle of his and the ventricular muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Where would one find pericytes around endothelial cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where would one find pericytes around endothelial cells?

      Your Answer: Pre-capillary venules

      Correct Answer: Post-capillary venules

      Explanation:

      Pericytes release a wide variety of vasoactive agents which regulate the flow through the junction between endothelial cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Regarding the surface anatomy of the orifices of the heart, where is the...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the surface anatomy of the orifices of the heart, where is the aortic valve located?

      Your Answer: Opposite the 3rd left intercostal space bind the left margin of the sternum

      Correct Answer: Opposite the left 3rd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.9
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Describe the location of the SA node: ...

    Correct

    • Describe the location of the SA node:

      Your Answer: Junction of the SVC and right atrium

      Explanation:

      Anatomically the SA node is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which one of the following have not been shown to improve mortality in...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following have not been shown to improve mortality in patients with chronic heart failure?

      Your Answer: Furosemide

      Explanation:

      A number of drugs have been shown to improve mortality in patients with chronic heart failure:

      • ACE inhibitors (SAVE, SOLVD, CONSENSUS)
      • spironolactone (RALES)
      • beta-blockers (CIBIS)
      • hydralazine with nitrates (VHEFT-1)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - What is pulse pressure? ...

    Correct

    • What is pulse pressure?

      Your Answer: Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

      Explanation:

      The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features...

    Correct

    • Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features of the jugular venous waveform?

      Your Answer: c wave

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP) classically has three upward deflections and two downward deflections. The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling. The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The initial rapid depolarization in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells is...

    Correct

    • The initial rapid depolarization in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells is due to:

      Your Answer: Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

      Explanation:

      The initial depolarization of the action potential in a cardiac muscle cell is due to the sodium current generated by opening of the voltage gated sodium channels leading to an influx of sodium ions into the cell and raising the membrane potential towards threshold.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement: ...

    Correct

    • Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement:

      Your Answer: Repolarisation is due to net k+ influx

      Explanation:

      Final repolarization (phase 3) to the resting membrane potential (phase 4) is due to closure of the Ca2+ channels and a slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux through various types of K+ channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      62.5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme? ...

    Correct

    • Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Guanylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Impaired production or excess catabolism of NO impairs this endothelium-dependent vasodilator function and may contribute to excessive vasoconstriction under various pathological situations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      44.2
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Where would one normally find venous valves? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one normally find venous valves?

      Your Answer: Saphenous vein

      Explanation:

      The intima of the limb veins is folded at intervals to form venous valves that prevent retrograde flow. There are no valves present in the very small veins, the great veins, or the veins in the brain and viscera.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Troponin I is inhibited by calcium binding to: ...

    Correct

    • Troponin I is inhibited by calcium binding to:

      Your Answer: Troponin c

      Explanation:

      At rest troponin I is bound to actin and tropomyosin and covers the site where the myosin head interacts with actin. When calcium enters into the muscle, it binds with troponin C and cause a structural change in troponin I which moves out of the myosin binding site and causes the cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Vasodilatation of coronary arteries is caused by: ...

    Correct

    • Vasodilatation of coronary arteries is caused by:

      Your Answer: Hypoxia

      Explanation:

      The heart is highly metabolically active and boasts the highest oxygen consumption by mass of any organ. This demand for oxygen is met by the coronary circulation, which is responsible for delivering blood to the myocardium and represents approximately 5% of cardiac output. Vasodilation may be due to the local effect of hypoxia on coronary vessels, or local metabolic vasodilation, or the activation of β-adrenoceptors or some combination of these mechanisms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - During exercise, a man consumes 2L O2/min, his arterial 02 content is 190...

    Correct

    • During exercise, a man consumes 2L O2/min, his arterial 02 content is 190 ml/l and the 02 content of his mixed venous blood is 130ml/l. His cardiac output is approximately:

      Your Answer: 33l/min

      Explanation:

      In Fick’s original method, the following variables are measured:VO2, oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO2 absorberCa, the oxygen concentration of blood taken from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygenated blood)Cv, the oxygen concentration of blood from an intravenous cannula (representing deoxygenated blood)From these values, we know that:VO2 = (CO x Ca) – (CO x Cv)where CO = Cardiac Output, Ca = Oxygen concentration of arterial blood and Cv = Oxygen concentration of mixed venous blood.This allows us to sayCO = VO2/{Ca – Cv}and hence calculate cardiac output.Therefore CO = 2/(0.190-0.130) = 33l/minNote that (Ca – Cv) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      184.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - When looking at the JVP what does the c wave signify: ...

    Correct

    • When looking at the JVP what does the c wave signify:

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

      Explanation:

      The C wave signifies a rise in the atrial pressure during isovolumetric contraction due to the tricuspid valve bulging into the atria.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following pairs are correct concerning arteriolar tone? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following pairs are correct concerning arteriolar tone?

      Your Answer: Hormonal control: catecholamines affect the adrenergic receptors of the vascular smooth muscle

      Explanation:

      Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla act on the noradrenergic receptors of the vascular smooth muscles. In the skeletal muscles and liver it causes vasodilation whilst it causes vasoconstriction in the rest of the blood vessels of the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following normally has a slow depolarizing “prepotential”? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following normally has a slow depolarizing “prepotential”?

      Your Answer: Purkinje fibers

      Correct Answer: Sinoatrial node

      Explanation:

      There are 2 main types of action potentials (AP) in the heart, the slow response and the fast response:The slow response is initiated by the slow calcium-sodium channels, found in the SA node (which is the natural pacemaker of the heart) and the conduction fibers of the AV node.The fast response occurs in the atrial and ventricles muscle cells and the purkinje fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - What is the most common cardiac defect seen in patients with Down’s syndrome?...

    Correct

    • What is the most common cardiac defect seen in patients with Down’s syndrome?

      Your Answer: Atrioventricular septal defect

      Explanation:

      The rate of congenital heart disease in new-borns with Down syndrome is around 40%. Of those with heart disease, about 80% have an atrioventricular septal defect or ventricular septal defect with the former being more common. Mitral valve problems become common as people age, even in those without heart problems at birth.[3] Other problems that may occur include tetralogy of Fallot and patent ductus arteriosus.[38] People with Down syndrome have a lower risk of hardening of the arteries

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The rate of depolarisation of the sinus node membrane potential is modulated by...

    Correct

    • The rate of depolarisation of the sinus node membrane potential is modulated by all the following except:

      Your Answer: Cardiac output

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output has no effect on the depolarization of the pacemaker potential of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility is due to: ...

    Correct

    • The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility is due to:

      Your Answer: Increase in intracellular Ca2+

      Explanation:

      The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility Is not due to ventricular filling. It occurs in isolated locations in the heart and is due to increase availability of intracellular calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      38
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Select the correct statement regarding the 4th heart sound, it? ...

    Correct

    • Select the correct statement regarding the 4th heart sound, it?

      Your Answer: Can be heard in atrial systole.

      Explanation:

      The fourth heart sound is not normally audible in a normal adult. It occurs as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy. It is caused by filling of the ventricle by atrial systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves all of the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves all of the following except:

      Your Answer: Increase in permeability of muscle fiber to Na+

      Correct Answer: Binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin

      Explanation:

      In the excitation contraction coupling model, an action potential is transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ from the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors. These are voltage gates calcium channels. Calcium binds to calmodulin during contraction of the smooth muscle and not the cardiac muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The positive inotropic effect of digoxin is due to? ...

    Correct

    • The positive inotropic effect of digoxin is due to?

      Your Answer: Inhibition of the sodium potassium ATPase in the myocardium

      Explanation:

      Digitalis compounds are potent inhibitors of cellular Na+/K+-ATPase. This ion transport system moves sodium ions out of the cell and brings potassium ions into the cell. By inhibiting the Na+/K+-ATPase, cardiac glycosides cause the intracellular sodium concentration to increase. This then leads to an accumulation of intracellular calcium via the Na+/Ca++ exchange system. In the heart, increased intracellular calcium causes more calcium to be released by the sarcoplasmic reticulum, thereby making more calcium available to bind to troponin-C, which increases contractility (inotropy).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by which artery? ...

    Correct

    • The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by which artery?

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, SA and AV nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      2.8
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - According to Starling's law of the heart: ...

    Correct

    • According to Starling's law of the heart:

      Your Answer: The extent of the preload is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

      Explanation:

      Frank starlings law describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increased venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and the development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relationship is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16.9
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following structures of the cardiac conduction system is located in...

    Correct

    • Which of the following structures of the cardiac conduction system is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum?

      Your Answer: AV node

      Explanation:

      AV node is located at the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The steps of cardiac cycle in sequence are: ...

    Incorrect

    • The steps of cardiac cycle in sequence are:

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation, isovolumetric contraction, ejection, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling

      Correct Answer: Isovolumic contraction, ejection, isovolumic relaxation, passive ventricular filling, active ventricular filling.

      Explanation:

      The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause.1st stage: diastole, or passive filling is when the semilunar valves (the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve) close, the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve) open, and the whole heart is relaxed. 2nd stage: atrial systole, is when the atrium contracts, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle (active filling).3rd stage: isovolumic contraction is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. 4th stage: ventricular ejection, is when the ventricles are contracting and emptying, and the semilunar valves are open. 5th stage: isovolumic relaxation time, pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      176.3
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The coronary arteries supply which part of the heart’s subendocardial region exclusively in...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary arteries supply which part of the heart’s subendocardial region exclusively in diastole?

      Your Answer: All chambers of the heart ( all of the above if you want )

      Correct Answer: Left ventricle

      Explanation:

      It is only during diastole that the blood flows to the subendocardial portion of the left ventricle, as the heart muscle relaxes and the coronary arteries regain their patency.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.2
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Pacemaker cells in the SA node and the AV node are connected by?...

    Correct

    • Pacemaker cells in the SA node and the AV node are connected by?

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      Gap junctions allows for rapid propagation of the action potential from one cell to the other. The cells of the heart are connected by gap junctions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Xanthines such as caffeine and theophylline are positively inotropic due to: ...

    Correct

    • Xanthines such as caffeine and theophylline are positively inotropic due to:

      Your Answer: Inhibition of cAMP breakdown

      Explanation:

      Xanthines exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting the breakdown of the cAMP resulting in stronger and sustained contractions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular...

    Correct

    • Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular cell growth?

      Your Answer: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

      Explanation:

      VEGF is produced by the endothelial cells and is the major growth factor responsible for causing vasculogenesis. Some isoforms of this growth factor also have a prominent role in formation of lymphatic vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface...

    Incorrect

    • The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface of the chest?

      Your Answer: Line drawn from the 2nd left costal cartilage to the 3rd right costal cartilage

      Correct Answer: Line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The right border corresponds to a line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage; this border is slightly convex to the right.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true with AV nodal delay?

      Your Answer: Ca++ plays a role in the delay

      Correct Answer: Shortened by sympathetic stimulation

      Explanation:

      AV nodal delay Is about 0.1s before the action potential spreads to the ventricles. It is shortened by stimulation of the sympathetic nervous system and lengthened by stimulation of the parasympathetic system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - The direct determinants of cardiac output are ...

    Correct

    • The direct determinants of cardiac output are

      Your Answer: Stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as:Cardiac Output [L/min] = Stroke Volume [L/beat] x Heart Rate [beats/min]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - If both the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems are blocked in the heart,...

    Incorrect

    • If both the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems are blocked in the heart, the rate will be approximately:

      Your Answer: 70/min

      Correct Answer: 100/min

      Explanation:

      The normal heart beat is about 70/min. This is due to a predominant parasympathetic activity. If sympathetic activity was unopposed the heart rate would have been 150/min. When both the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are blocked the heart rate is 100/min. This is the normal firing rate of the SA node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?...

    Correct

    • In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      The liver is the organ which contains sinusoidal capillaries with discontinuous endothelium. The brain, lungs and the intestine all contain continuous capillaries, however the kidney contains fenestrated capillaries to aid in filtration.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute...

    Correct

    • What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: 1 mm ST elevation in 2 limb leads

      Explanation:

      The current guidelines for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) of ST segment elevation in the limb leads, and at least 2 mm elevation in the precordial leads. These elevations must be present in anatomically contiguous leads. (I, aVL, V5, V6 correspond to the lateral wall; V3-V4 correspond to the anterior wall ; V1-V2 correspond to the septal wall; II, III, aVF correspond to the inferior wall.)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Which heart sounds are matched correctly? ...

    Correct

    • Which heart sounds are matched correctly?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      In healthy adults, there are two normal heart sounds often described as a lub and a dub (or dup), that occur in sequence with each heartbeat. These are the first heart sound (S1) and second heart sound (S2), produced by the closing of the atrioventricular valves and semilunar valves, respectively. In addition to these normal sounds, a variety of other sounds may be present including heart murmurs, adventitious sounds, and gallop rhythms S3 and S4. S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. S4 when audible in an adult is called a presystolic gallop or atrial gallop. This gallop is produced by the sound of blood being forced into a stiff or hypertrophic ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Explanation:

      There are two methods of calculating the cardiac output in humans other than doppler with echocardiography: The direct Fick’s method and the indicator dilution method. In the indicator dilution technique, a known amount of a substance such as a dye or, more commonly, a radioactive isotope is injected into an arm vein and the concentration of the indicator in serial samples of arterial blood is determined. The output of the heart is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation through the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Stimulation of the carotid sinus results in: ...

    Correct

    • Stimulation of the carotid sinus results in:

      Your Answer: Drop in blood pressure

      Explanation:

      Stimulation of the carotid sinus will result in an increase in the baroreceptor discharge. This will travel via the afferent nerves to the medulla. Signals will pass through the vagus nerve to decrease the sympathetic outflow to the heart and the blood vessels. This inhibition will result in vasodilation of the blood vessels, venodilation and bradycardia hence decreasing the total peripheral resistance and lowering the blood pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - Which part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation? ...

    Correct

    • Which part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation?

      Your Answer: T wave

      Explanation:

      Ventricular repolarisation is denoted by the T wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v...

    Correct

    • When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v waves?

      Your Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation

      Explanation:

      The v wave corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return. In Tricuspid regurgitation there is additional blood from the regurgitant flow and thus this leads to a more prominent V wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      53.1
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - The heart rate can be accelerated by: ...

    Correct

    • The heart rate can be accelerated by:

      Your Answer: Exercise and thyroid hormones

      Explanation:

      The firing of the SA node will increase due to exercises and as the thyroid hormone has a chronotropic effect on the heart, it too will result in an increase in the heart rate via stimulation of the adrenergic receptors of the heart. As during exercise the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it will directly have an positive chronotropic effect on the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Which of the following has the shortest duration: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following has the shortest duration:

      Your Answer: Ventricular systole

      Correct Answer: Atrial systole

      Explanation:

      Atrial systole: 0.1s

      Atrial diastole: around 0.4s

      Ventricular diastole: 0.4-0.53s

      Ventricular systole: 0.27s

      PR interval: 0.12-0.2 s

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - The bradycardia that occurs in patients with raised intracranial pressure is a result...

    Correct

    • The bradycardia that occurs in patients with raised intracranial pressure is a result of the?

      Your Answer: Cushing reflex

      Explanation:

      When intracranial pressure is increased, the blood supply to RVLM neurons is compromised. This results in an increase in their discharge as a result of hypoxia and hypercapnia. The resultant rise in systemic arterial pressure (Cushing reflex) tends to restore the blood flow to the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Where is the carotid sinus located? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the carotid sinus located?

      Your Answer: After the bifurcation of the carotid artery, on the internal carotid

      Explanation:

      The carotid sinus is a small dilation in the internal carotid artery just above its bifurcation into the external and internal carotid branch. Baroreceptors are present at this dilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - In the jugular venous pressure wave… ...

    Correct

    • In the jugular venous pressure wave…

      Your Answer: Consists of 3 peaks and 2 troughs

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections (peaks) and two downward deflections (troughs) have been described:The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      24.2
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Which of the following is the most common causative organism in infective endocarditis?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the most common causative organism in infective endocarditis?

      Your Answer: Staphylococcus aureus

      Correct Answer: Streptococcus viridans

      Explanation:

      Viridans Alpha-haemolytic streptococci, that are present in the mouth are the most frequently isolated microorganisms when the infection is acquired in a community setting. In contrast, Staphylococcus blood stream infections are frequently acquired in a health care setting where they can enter the blood stream through procedures that cause break in the integrity of skin like surgery, catheterisation or during access of long term indwelling catheters or secondary to intravenous injection of recreational drugs.Prosthetic valve endocarditis is commonly caused by Staphylococcus epidermidis as it is capable of growing as a biofilm on plastic surfaces

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the...

    Correct

    • Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

      Your Answer: Phospholamban

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (39/50) 78%
Medicine (39/50) 78%
Passmed
Retry this test Dashboard