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  • Question 1 - The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor...

    Correct

    • The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:

      Your Answer: mGluR4

      Explanation:

      Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. Umami taste receptors typically respond to Glutamate. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1 and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      16.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation? ...

    Correct

    • Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation?

      Your Answer: T10

      Explanation:

      The area of skin supplied by one nerve is called a dermatome. T10 supplies sensory neurons to the area of the umbilicus. C3 and C4 supply the neck and the shoulder, T4 supplies the dermatome at the level of the nipple, S3 supplies the inguinal region and L5 supplies the lateral aspect of the leg and the medical aspect of the dorsum of the feet plus the first 3 toes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate? ...

    Correct

    • Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate?

      Your Answer: Spinal cord

      Explanation:

      The second order neurons from the spinothalamic tract cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within one segment of the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      23.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain: ...

    Correct

    • The following is true about the carotid arterial supply to the brain:

      Your Answer: Following carotid occlusion, precapillary anastomoses are unable to prevent infarction

      Explanation:

      The brain has two sources of blood supply; the internal carotid arteries which are the anterior segment or the main artery that supplies the anterior portion of the brain, and the vertebral arteries which is the posterior segment which supplies the posterior portion of the brain. The internal carotid arteries branch and form two major arteries anterior and middle cerebral arteries. The right and left vertebral arteries fuse together at the level of the pons on the anterior surface of the brainstem to form the midline basilar artery. The basilar artery joins the blood supply from the internal carotids in an arterial ring at the base of the brain called the circle of Willis. The anterior and posterior communicating arteries conjoin the two major sources of cerebral vascular supply via the circle of Willis improving the chances of any region of the brain continuing to receive blood if one of the major arteries becomes occluded.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      45.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Wernicke’s area: ...

    Correct

    • Wernicke’s area:

      Your Answer: Is concerned with comprehension of auditory and visual information

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      38.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Where are the cell bodies to the preganglionic neurons located? ...

    Correct

    • Where are the cell bodies to the preganglionic neurons located?

      Your Answer: Midbrain

      Explanation:

      The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves. These cranial nerves take origin from the midbrain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      30.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron into the synaptic cleft and also by some postganglionic sympathetic neurons as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Regarding the innervation of cerebral blood vessels, which of the following triggers a...

    Correct

    • Regarding the innervation of cerebral blood vessels, which of the following triggers a vasoconstrictor effect?

      Your Answer: Neuropeptide-Y

      Explanation:

      Substance P is a potent vasodilator, VIP or vasoactive intestinal peptide has vasodilator properties in the intestines. PHM 27 is a potent calcitonin receptor agonist; endogenous analogue of human VIP. CGRP or Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide is a vasodilator which is found to play an important role in migraines. Neuropeptide Y is a strong vasoconstrictor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      30.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      All the above are true for the formation of CSF

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a macrophage?

      Your Answer: Microglia

      Explanation:

      Microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system, and they contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that microglial cells recognize monocyte antigens, and there are similarities between them that demonstrate that they originate from these monocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      13.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Sequence of events in formation of speech are: ...

    Correct

    • Sequence of events in formation of speech are:

      Your Answer: Wernicke’s area---arcuate fasciculus---broca’s area---insula---motor cortex---speech

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language. Firstly, the language is accessed in the Wernicke’s area and these words are sent via the arcuate fasciculus to the Broca’s area, where instructions for articulation is generated. This is then sent from Broca’s are to the motor cortex for the articulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      38.1
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - In which cell would you find a Nissl body? ...

    Correct

    • In which cell would you find a Nissl body?

      Your Answer: Bipolar neuron

      Explanation:

      Nissl bodies are the structures of protein synthesis in neurones. They are granular bodies of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes. Astrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cell, oligodendrocytes are collectively known as glia or supporting cells of the nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The reticular formation occupies which area of the brain? ...

    Correct

    • The reticular formation occupies which area of the brain?

      Your Answer: Medulla and midbrain

      Explanation:

      The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located along the brainstem.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in: ...

    Correct

    • Endolymph in the inner ear is rich in:

      Your Answer: K

      Explanation:

      Cochlear fluids namely endolymph and perilymph have different compositions. Perilymph is a typical extracellular fluid, with ionic composition comparable to plasma or cerebrospinal fluid. The main cation is sodium. Endolymph is a totally unique extracellular fluid, with an ion composition unlike that which is found anywhere else in the body. The major cation in the endolymph is potassium and there is virtually no sodium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Explanation:

      Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters that include:

      1. Dopamine: A neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, and motor control.
      2. Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, and stress responses.
      3. Serotonin: Although not listed in the options, it is another key monoamine involved in mood regulation.

      The other neurotransmitters listed are not monoamines:

      • Acetylcholine: This is a different type of neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and various brain functions.
      • GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): This is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
      • Glutamate: This is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
      • Glycine: An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The ependyma fuse with which of the following to from the choroid plexus?...

    Correct

    • The ependyma fuse with which of the following to from the choroid plexus?

      Your Answer: Tela choroidea

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It consists of modified ependymal cells. Tela choroidea is a region of pia mater of the meninges and underlying ependyma that’s a part of the choroid plexus. It is a very thin layer of the connective tissue of pia mater that overlies and covers the ependyma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      19.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by? ...

    Correct

    • Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by?

      Your Answer: Oligodendrocytes

      Explanation:

      CNS myelin is produced by special cells called oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin is produced by Schwann cells. The two types of myelin are chemically different, but they both perform the same function — to promote efficient transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      15.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly? ...

    Incorrect

    • The axons of the POST ganglionic neurons are mostly?

      Your Answer: Α fibers

      Correct Answer: C fibers

      Explanation:

      According to Erlanger- Grasser classification preganglionic fibers are B fibers whereas post ganglionic fibers are C fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      17.1
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?

      Your Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF

      Explanation:

      In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      54.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division?

      Your Answer: Noradrenalin

      Explanation:

      Noradrenalin Is the neurotransmitter that is released from the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division. It is stored in granules at the sympathetic knobs. It Is a methyl derivative.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      27.5
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter? ...

    Correct

    • Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: A delta and C pain fibers

      Explanation:

      A delta and C fibers use glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter where it acts as a fast acting localized neurotransmitter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      52
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting? ...

    Correct

    • Which serotonergic receptor is associated with vomiting?

      Your Answer: 5ht3

      Explanation:

      5ht3 is a receptor strongly associated with vomiting, present in vagal afferents, the solitary tract nucleus (STN), and the area posterior. For this reason, 5ht3 antagonists are commonly used as antiemetic drugs. They include ondansetron, tropisetron, and granisetron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      20.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye? ...

    Correct

    • What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?

      Your Answer: Vitreous humor

      Explanation:

      The eye ball contains an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. The anterior cavity once again is divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor whereas the posterior cavity contains vitreous humor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.3
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The primary visual cortex is located in the: ...

    Correct

    • The primary visual cortex is located in the:

      Your Answer: Occipital lobe

      Explanation:

      The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar...

    Correct

    • The axons of which neurons serve as the only output from the cerebellar cortex?

      Your Answer: Purkinje

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers. The molecular layer, the granule cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle. The Purkinje cells project into the deep cerebellar nuclei. They are the only output cells of the cerebellar cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located? ...

    Correct

    • Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

      Your Answer: Lateral column

      Explanation:

      The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      27.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following receptors are found in the liver? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following receptors are found in the liver?

      Your Answer: α1, β2

      Explanation:

      Liver consists of the sympathetic Alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The spinal cord receive its blood supply from the following arteries except: ...

    Correct

    • The spinal cord receive its blood supply from the following arteries except:

      Your Answer: Lateral spinal artery

      Explanation:

      The spinal cord (SC) is supplied by the single anterior spinal artery which supplies the anterior two thirds of the SC and paired posterior spinal arteries supplying the posterior one third. Anastomoses between the spinal arteries supply the lateral column. These arteries originate near the cervico-occipital junction and therefore have a smaller calibre and often discontinue. Thus, they require reinforcement by segmental/radicular arteries which are branches of the ascending cervical artery, deep cervical artery, intercostal arteries, lumbar arteries and lateral sacral arteries

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption,...

    Incorrect

    • In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption, what proportion of the cardiac output at rest goes to the brain?

      Your Answer: 20-25%

      Correct Answer: 10-15%

      Explanation:

      The rate of cerebral blood flow in the adult is typically 750 millilitres per minute, which is 10-15% of the cardiac output. On average around 13.9% of cardiac output is distributed to the brain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      20.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The cerebellum consist of which three lobes? ...

    Correct

    • The cerebellum consist of which three lobes?

      Your Answer: Anterior, posterior and flocculonodular

      Explanation:

      The cerebellum consists of 3 lobes; Anterior, Posterior and Flocculonodular lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.2
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (28/30) 93%
Neurology (28/30) 93%
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