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  • Question 1 - Regarding the renal tract during pregnancy, the following are true, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the renal tract during pregnancy, the following are true, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: The primigravida shows more changes then multigravida

      Correct Answer: The bladder tone increases

      Explanation:

      Incontinence in women is typically related to dysfunction of the bladder or pelvic floor muscles, with such dysfunction often arising during pregnancy or childbirth, or at the time of menopause.

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increased blood volume and vasculature.
      Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureteronephrosis, which are normal.
      There is an increase in glomerular filtration rate associated with an increase in creatinine clearance, protein, albumin excretion, and urinary glucose excretion.
      There is also an increase in sodium retention from the renal tube so oedema and water retention is a common sign in pregnant women

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      40
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?...

    Incorrect

    • What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Progesterone dominance

      Correct Answer: Endometrial gland proliferation

      Explanation:

      During follicular phase, there is an increase in gonadotrophin hormones and a proliferation of the endometrium occurs. The duration of the cycle depends upon the overall length of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone levels are increased in the luteal phase and not in follicular phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      24.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - CTG showing early decelerations is : ...

    Incorrect

    • CTG showing early decelerations is :

      Your Answer: Associated usually with brain asphyxia

      Correct Answer: From increased vagal tone secondary to head compression

      Explanation:

      Early decelerations: a result of increased vagal tone due to compression of the fetal head during contractions. Monitoring usually shows a symmetrical, gradual decrease and return to baseline of FHR, which is associated with a uterine contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      41.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation:

      Your Answer: Day 21 oestrogen level is elevated

      Correct Answer: Regular cycle with dysmenorrhea

      Explanation:

      Ovulation in the menstrual cycle usually occurs over 4 days. There is an increase in basal body temperature at the time of ovulation due to the effect of progesterone.

      A high Day 21 progesterone level indicates ovulation and the release of an egg.

      Dysmenorrhea is described as painful menstruation. The symptoms start at the time of ovulation and persist till menstruation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      15.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - At term, what is the rate of uterine blood flow per minute? ...

    Incorrect

    • At term, what is the rate of uterine blood flow per minute?

      Your Answer: 100 to 150 ml/min

      Correct Answer: 500 to 750 ml/min

      Explanation:

      The average volume of uterine blood flow at term is 500-750 ml/min.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with...

    Incorrect

    • Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with no sub-nuclear vacuoles. The stroma is oedematous, & a tortuous gland contains secretions. These findings are consistent with which stage of the menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Early secretory

      Correct Answer: Mid-secretory

      Explanation:

      During mid secretory phase, the endometrium cells undergo distension, become more tortuous and are lined by columnar cells.
      In the early proliferative phase, the glandular epithelium is cubo-columnar, while in the late proliferative phase, the glands increase in size, becoming tortuous and there is pseudostratification of the epithelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      29.1
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged: ...

    Incorrect

    • In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged:

      Your Answer: Tidal Volume

      Correct Answer: FEV1

      Explanation:

      The biochemical and mechanical effects of progesterone and the enlarging uterus are responsible for some changes in lung function during pregnancy.

      Progesterone increases the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to arterial carbon dioxide while also causing hyperaemia in the airway leading to nasal obstruction. As a result, minute ventilation and tidal volume increase by 50% to allow greater arterial oxygen saturation.

      The enlarging uterus displaces the diaphragm upwards, and also limits the movement of the thoracic cage, thereby decreasing the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) by 20%.

      Functional Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) remain unchanged in pregnancy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The maternal blood volume in normal pregnancy: ...

    Incorrect

    • The maternal blood volume in normal pregnancy:

      Your Answer: Increases 10%

      Correct Answer: Increases up to 40%

      Explanation:

      Changes in the cardiovascular system in pregnancy are profound and begin early in pregnancy, such that by eight weeks’ gestation, the cardiac output has already increased by 20%. The primary event is probably peripheral vasodilatation. This is mediated by endothelium-dependent factors, including nitric oxide synthesis, upregulated by oestradiol and possibly vasodilatory prostaglandins (PGI2). Peripheral vasodilation leads to a 25–30% fall in systemic vascular resistance, and to compensate for this, cardiac output increases by around 40% during pregnancy. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins?

      Your Answer: Maintain the corpus luteum of early pregnancy

      Correct Answer: Are involved in the onset of labour

      Explanation:

      Prostaglandins are involved in the uterine contraction and cervical dilatation during labour. Higher prostaglandin concentrations can also lead to severe menstrual cramps.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - In the absence of any gross pelvic abnormality, cephalopelvic disproportion can be correctly...

    Correct

    • In the absence of any gross pelvic abnormality, cephalopelvic disproportion can be correctly diagnosed by?

      Your Answer: Trial of labour

      Explanation:

      Cephalo-pelvic disproportion exists when the capacity of the pelvis is inadequate to allow the foetus to negotiate the birth canal. This may be due to a small pelvis, a nongynecoid pelvic formation, a large foetus, an unfavourable orientation of the foetus, or a combination of these factors. Diagnosis of CPD may be made when there is failure to progress, but not all cases of prolonged labour are the result of CPD. Use of ultrasound to measure the size of the foetus in the womb is controversial, as these methods are often inaccurate and may lead to unnecessary caesarean section; a trial of labour is often recommended even if size of the foetus is estimated to be large.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.2
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer: Has low specificity but high sensitivity

      Explanation:

      There are different ways of monitoring fetal heart rate during pregnancy. It can be done by just auscultation or by electronic fetal heart rate monitoring which is done with the help of an ultrasound machine and has a low specificity but high sensitivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      85.1
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT: ...

    Correct

    • All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: IUGR

      Explanation:

      An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions? ...

    Incorrect

    • Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Fetal kidney agenesis

      Correct Answer: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal atresia/TE fistula may be suspected prenatally with ultrasound findings of polyhydramnios, absence of fluid in the stomach, small sized abdomen, or the presence of a dilated proximal oesophageal pouch. An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - According to the UK food standards agency which of the following RDIs (recommended...

    Incorrect

    • According to the UK food standards agency which of the following RDIs (recommended daily intake) is 3 times higher in pregnancy than the non-pregnant state?

      Your Answer: Iron

      Correct Answer: Folic Acid

      Explanation:

      Folic Acid should be increased in diet of a pregnant women. Deficiency will lead to neural tube defects i.e. spina bifida.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Regarding cardiac output in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE? ...

    Correct

    • Regarding cardiac output in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE?

      Your Answer: Cardiac output increases by approximately 40-50% during pregnancy

      Explanation:

      In a non pregnant adult female the cardiac output is 4.5L/min, by the 20 week of pregnancy the cardiac output increases by 40% to 6.3L/min. During early stages of labour it increases further still by 17% to 7.3L/min.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions? ...

    Incorrect

    • Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Parturition

      Correct Answer: Suckling

      Explanation:

      Serum prolactin levels are increased during suckling. Some other conditions in which serum prolactin is increased consist of: prolactin secreting brain tumours, anti psychotic drugs and hypothyroidism. It can also be increased in pregnancy, nipple stimulation and stress.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is...

    Incorrect

    • If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is known as:

      Your Answer: Graafian follicle

      Correct Answer: Corpus albicans

      Explanation:

      Corpus albicans is the regressed form of the corpus leuteum. It is formed when the corpus leuteum is engulfed by macrophages and a scar or fibrous tissue is formed, called the corpus albicans.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Ovulation may be indicated by all the following, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Ovulation may be indicated by all the following, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: Progesterone level > 65ng/ml

      Correct Answer: Mid-cycle elevation in prolactin

      Explanation:

      An elevation in serum PRL is associated with a variety of reproductive disorders, including amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, anovulation and/or luteal phase defects with subsequent infertility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual...

    Incorrect

    • A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual period on June 30th. Therefore the expected date of delivery (EDD) is approximately when the following year:

      Your Answer: 23-Apr

      Correct Answer: 7-Apr

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery (EDD) is a calculated from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period. If her periods are regular i.e., 28-day menstrual cycle, Naegele’s rule may be used. Naegele’s rule involves a simple calculation: add seven days to the first day of your LMP and then subtract three months. e.g. 30 June + 7 days = 7 July, minus 3 months = 7 April.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH? ...

    Correct

    • Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH?

      Your Answer: 7.18

      Explanation:

      A pH value below than 7.18 indicates acidosis which can result in hypoxic brain injury. In order to prevent brain injury, immediate delivery of the foetus should be planned. The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type...

    Correct

    • During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?

      Your Answer: Macrophages

      Explanation:

      Wound healing is initiated when inflammation begins. Macrophages predominate after neutrophils and peak 3-4 days after inflammation begins. They destroy and phagocytose the organism and debris using enzymes. The next step is the resolution of inflammation and healing of the wound.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      51.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - A sure sign of pregnancy is: ...

    Incorrect

    • A sure sign of pregnancy is:

      Your Answer: Nausea and vomiting

      Correct Answer: Auscultation of fetal heart

      Explanation:

      Classifications of Pregnancy Signs:
      Presumptive signs — possibility of pregnancy
      Probable signs — most likelihood of indicating pregnancy
      Positive signs — confirmation of pregnancy
      Auscultation of fetal heart is the only positive sign amongst the rest of the answers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is...

    Incorrect

    • During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is approximately:

      Your Answer: 20-30 kg

      Correct Answer: 10-15 kg

      Explanation:

      Institute of Medicine Weight Gain Recommendations for Pregnancy: Recommends a gestational weight gain of 16.8–24.5 kg (37–54 lb) for women of normal weight, 14.1–22.7 kg (31–50 lb) for overweight women, and 11.3–19.1 kg (25–42 lb) for obese women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      46
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:...

    Correct

    • The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:

      Your Answer: 40 weeks after last menstrual period

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery/estimated due date (EDD) is a calculated date (i.e., an estimation), determined by counting forward 280 days (40 weeks) from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      110.6
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound to red blood cell antigens in vivo?

      Your Answer: Indirect Coombs

      Correct Answer: Direct Coombs

      Explanation:

      When the red cells are coated with immune IgG antibody, the cells do not agglutinate but when anti-IgG antiserum is added to these sensitized cells visible agglutination occurs. This is known as a positive direct coombs test.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which one of the following statements regarding oestrogen is correct? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following statements regarding oestrogen is correct?

      Your Answer: It is responsible for secretory changes in endometrium

      Correct Answer: It is produced in the corpus luteum

      Explanation:

      Oestrogen is secreted by the corpus luteum and is responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium to prepare it for the implantation of the zygote.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of ovulation in female?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: LH surge

      Explanation:

      Different changes can occur during the menstrual cycle including an increased body temperature at the time of ovulation, thinning of the cervical mucus and few other changes, but it is the LH surge which is the most important factor necessary for ovulation.
      Mittelschmerz is characterised by recurrent midcycle pain which occurs around the time of ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All are correct

      Explanation:

      LH surge occurs around ovulation and it is this LH surge which results in completion of the 1st meiotic division and ovulation occurs. It enhances the production of androgens and also luteinizes the granulosa cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days...

    Incorrect

    • The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days menstrual cycle is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Progesterone

      Explanation:

      After ovulation, the dominant follicle turns into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone. To confirm ovulation, serum progesterone or its metabolite in urine, can be measured. A single serum progesterone level >3 ng/ml in mid‐luteal phase has been used to retrospectively detect ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What is the average lifespan of a basophil (white blood cell)? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the average lifespan of a basophil (white blood cell)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 3-4 days

      Explanation:

      Basophils are granulocytic white blood cells. They express IgE antibody on their surface and react to release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to mediate an inflammatory, allergic reaction.
      Blood Cell Lifespans:
      Red Blood Cells 120 days
      Platelets 5-9 days
      White blood cells 2-5 days

      Neutrophils (up to 5 days)
      Basophils (2 to 3 days)
      Eosinophils (2 to 5 days)
      Monocytes (1 to 5 days)
      Lymphocytes (variable)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Physiology (7/26) 27%
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