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Question 1
Incorrect
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Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed?
Your Answer: Distal convoluted tubule.
Correct Answer: Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle.
Explanation:Although the majority of the filtered magnesium is reabsorbed within the ascending loop of Henle, it is now recognized that the distal tubule also plays an important role in magnesium conservation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 2
Correct
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What is the most important determinant of ECF volume?
Your Answer: The amount of sodium in the ECF
Explanation:The volume of the ECF is determined primarily by the total amount of osmotically active solute in the ECF. The composition of the ECF is discussed in Chapter 1. Because Na+ and Cl− are by far the most abundant osmotically active solutes in ECF, and because changes in Cl− are to a great extent secondary to changes in Na+, the amount of Na+ in the ECF is the most important determinant of ECF volume.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 3
Correct
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An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the subsequent production of NH4 is called?
Your Answer: Glutaminase
Explanation:Glutaminase catalyses the following reaction:Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 4
Incorrect
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Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?
Your Answer: Thick ascending loop of Henle
Correct Answer: Proximal tubule
Explanation:Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology. It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide. Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 5
Incorrect
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What is the function of the macula densa, located in the wall of the thick ascending limb?
Your Answer: Efferent arteriolar vasoconstriction.
Correct Answer: Tubuloglomerular feedback.
Explanation:Macula densa cells sense changes in sodium chloride level, and will trigger an autoregulatory response to increase or decrease reabsorption of ions and water to the blood (as needed) in order to alter blood volume and return blood pressure to normal. Tubuloglomerular feedback is one of several mechanisms the kidney uses to regulate glomerular filtration rate (GFR). It involves the concept of purinergic signalling, in which an increased distal tubular sodium chloride concentration causes a basolateral release of adenosine from the macula densa cells. This initiates a cascade of events that ultimately brings GFR to an appropriate level.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 6
Correct
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Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a 55 year old male who weighs 75kg and has a serum creatinine of 150mg/dL?
Your Answer: 0.59ml/min
Explanation:A commonly used surrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min:CCr = [(140-age) x Mass(kg)]/[72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)](multiply by 0.85 for women)Therefore CCr = (85 x 75)/(72 x 150) = 0.59
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…?
Your Answer: Movement across an electrochemical gradient
Correct Answer: Secondary active transport
Explanation:Glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient out of the nephron.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 8
Correct
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The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels:
Your Answer: T12 – L3
Explanation:The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver, typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney. The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right is slightly lower.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 9
Correct
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If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per unit time, and PA = arterial plasma level of A, renal clearance of A is equal to?
Your Answer: (UA x V)/PA
Explanation:Renal clearance = [Urine concentration (UA) x Urine flow (V)]/[Plasma concentration (PA)]
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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Question 10
Correct
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Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?
Your Answer: Angiotensin 2
Explanation:Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance).
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Renal
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