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Question 1
Incorrect
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In the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by:
Your Answer: A pituitary LH surge due to due to an increase in GNRH pulses from the supraoptic nucleus in the hypothalamus
Correct Answer: A pituitary LH surge due to the positive feedback effect of circulating oestrogens
Explanation:FSH and LH are secreted to start the development of a follicle at the start of each menstrual cycle. A surge in oestrogen causes a positive feedback in the LH cells of the pituitary; this causes ovulation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 2
Incorrect
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Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I?
Your Answer: Marfanoid body habitus
Correct Answer: Insulinoma
Explanation:Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) or Wermer’s syndrome is part of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in the ‘three P’s’:Parathyroid (>90%): hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid hyperplasiaPituitary (15-42%)Pancreas (60-70%, e.g. insulinoma, gastrinoma)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 3
Correct
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Which of the following predominate in the adrenal medulla?
Your Answer: Epinephrine secreting cells
Explanation:Chromaffin cells, also known as pheochromocytes, are cells located in the adrenal medulla which specialize in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of catecholamines: 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine is released into the bloodstream. For this reason, they are considered to be neuroendocrine cells.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 4
Correct
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Where is leptin synthesized and secreted?
Your Answer: White adipose tissue
Explanation:Leptin is a hormone that helps regulate food intake and energy expenditure. It is synthetized by white adipose tissue and the gastric mucosa. It works by inhibiting the sensation of hunger, therefore, it opposes the actions of ghrelin, also known as the hunger hormone.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 5
Incorrect
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What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Your Answer: Adrenocortical adenoma
Correct Answer: Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia
Explanation:Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome, is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels. Primary hyperaldosteronism has a number of causes. About 66% of cases are due to enlargement of both adrenal glands and 33% of cases are due to an adrenal adenoma that produces aldosterone. Other uncommon causes include adrenal cancer and an inherited disorder called familial hyperaldosteronism
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 6
Correct
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With regards to the deiodinases, where would you find D1?
Your Answer: Liver
Explanation:The liver produces an important amount of T3 by outer ring deiodination thanks to its elevated concentration of type I deiodinase. It can also be found in the kidney.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Where is thyroglobulin produced?
Your Answer: Colloid
Correct Answer: Thyrocytes
Explanation:Thyroglobulin, or Tg, is a protein that functions as the precursor to thyroid hormones. It is synthesized by thyrocytes and then secreted into the colloid. It also functions as a negative-feedback regulator of thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 8
Correct
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What is the effect of vasopressin on the kidney?
Your Answer: Increase collecting duct permeability to water
Explanation:Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH, which increases water reabsorption in the kidney’s collecting ducts. It works by increasing water permeability in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules. It induces the exocytosis of AQP-CD-laden vesicles, transferring water channels from intracellular vesicles to the apical plasma membrane, therefore allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine in the collecting ducts to the blood.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 9
Correct
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What is the effect of oxytocin on the breast?
Your Answer: Milk ejection
Explanation:Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide, produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It causes the milk ejection or let-down reflex, causing the milk to be transported to the subareolar sinuses, allowing it to be released through the nipple. This response is initiated by the act of suckling by the baby, but it can be conditioned to be triggered by different stimuli.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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Question 10
Correct
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To which protein is T3 mostly bound in the serum?
Your Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin
Explanation:In a normal person, approximately 0.03 per cent of the total serum T4, and 0.3 per cent of the total serum T3 are present in free or unbound form. The major serum thyroid hormone-binding proteins are: 1) thyroxine-binding globulin [TBG or thyropexin], 2) transthyretin [TTR or thyroxine-binding prealbumin (TBPA)], and 3) albumin (HAS, human serum albumin). TBG has highest affinity for T4, which is 50-fold higher than that of TTR and 7,000-fold higher that of HSA. As a result TBG binds 75% of serum T4, while TTR and HSA binds only 20% and Albumin 5%, respectively.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
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