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  • Question 1 - Why is the sub-endocardial portion of the left ventricle the most common site...

    Incorrect

    • Why is the sub-endocardial portion of the left ventricle the most common site for ischaemic damage and myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: No blood flow occurs during systole

      Explanation:

      The subendocardium receives the least amount of blood from the coronary arteries. During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure due to contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the subendocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular...

    Incorrect

    • Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular cell growth?

      Your Answer: Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (pecam)

      Correct Answer: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

      Explanation:

      VEGF is produced by the endothelial cells and is the major growth factor responsible for causing vasculogenesis. Some isoforms of this growth factor also have a prominent role in formation of lymphatic vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Sleep

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output. Anxiety, excitement and pregnancy will increase the cardiac output. Standing from a lying position will decrease the cardiac output transiently.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which structure forms the major part of the sternocostal surface of the heart?...

    Incorrect

    • Which structure forms the major part of the sternocostal surface of the heart?

      Your Answer: Left ventricle

      Correct Answer: Right ventricle

      Explanation:

      The anterior (sternocostal) surface is formed mainly by the right ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.9
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of: ...

    Correct

    • Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of:

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      The cardiac muscles have gap junctions in between the cells. They allow for the formation of low resistance passages, which allow ions to diffuse through every muscle fiber rapidly and result in the cardiac muscles functioning as a syncytium, without any protoplasmic bridges involved.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme? ...

    Correct

    • Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Guanylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Impaired production or excess catabolism of NO impairs this endothelium-dependent vasodilator function and may contribute to excessive vasoconstriction under various pathological situations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Endothelial cells are attached to adjacent cells by adherent junctions via: ...

    Incorrect

    • Endothelial cells are attached to adjacent cells by adherent junctions via:

      Your Answer: Mucins

      Correct Answer: Cadherins

      Explanation:

      Cadherins are calcium dependant molecules that mediate cell to cell adhesions in epithelial and endothelial cells among others.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.8
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Starling method

      Correct Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Explanation:

      There are two methods of calculating the cardiac output in humans other than doppler with echocardiography: The direct Fick’s method and the indicator dilution method. In the indicator dilution technique, a known amount of a substance such as a dye or, more commonly, a radioactive isotope is injected into an arm vein and the concentration of the indicator in serial samples of arterial blood is determined. The output of the heart is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation through the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.6
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The direct determinants of cardiac output are ...

    Correct

    • The direct determinants of cardiac output are

      Your Answer: Stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as:Cardiac Output [L/min] = Stroke Volume [L/beat] x Heart Rate [beats/min]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The triangle with the heart at its centre, using limb leads is called:...

    Incorrect

    • The triangle with the heart at its centre, using limb leads is called:

      Your Answer: Beethoven

      Correct Answer: Einthoven

      Explanation:

      The Einthoven triangle is formed by placing the limb leads on both the arms and on the left leg with the heart in the centre.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (4/10) 40%
Medicine (4/10) 40%
Passmed
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