00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00 : 00 : 00
Session Time
00 : 00
Average Question Time ( Secs)
Retry this test Dashboard

  • Question 1 - When the heart rate is increased (to pathological levels) which of the following...

    Incorrect

    • When the heart rate is increased (to pathological levels) which of the following is correct when comparing the duration of diastole to systole?

      Your Answer: It is equal to systole

      Correct Answer: It is shortened to a greater degree

      Explanation:

      The duration of systole is more fixed than the duration of diastole. When the heart rate increases the timing of the systole remains more or less the same however diastole decreases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      48.1
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Where on the surface of the chest is the normal site of auscultation...

    Incorrect

    • Where on the surface of the chest is the normal site of auscultation for the mitral area?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 4th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum, in the mid clavicular line.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which is the commonest cardiovascular abnormality seen in an adult patient with Marfan’s...

    Incorrect

    • Which is the commonest cardiovascular abnormality seen in an adult patient with Marfan’s syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Aortic aneurysm

      Explanation:

      Marfan syndrome (MFS) is a genetic disorder of connective tissue. The degree to which people are affected varies. People with Marfan’s tend to be tall, and thin, with long arms, legs, fingers and toes. They also typically have flexible joints and scoliosis. The most serious complications involve the heart and aorta with an increased risk of mitral valve prolapse and aortic aneurysm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Activation of nitric oxide synthesis by endothelial cells is triggered by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Activation of nitric oxide synthesis by endothelial cells is triggered by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine, histamine, bradykinin, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) and shear stress on the endothelial cells causing the release of NO. NO is formed from arginine and causes vasodilatation of the blood vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Impulse conduction through the AV node is slow and depends on the action...

    Incorrect

    • Impulse conduction through the AV node is slow and depends on the action potential produced by which of the following.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Calcium flux

      Explanation:

      The action potentials in the SA and AV nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Describe the location of the SA node: ...

    Incorrect

    • Describe the location of the SA node:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Junction of the SVC and right atrium

      Explanation:

      Anatomically the SA node is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in endothelial cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Nos 3

      Explanation:

      There are only 3 isoforms:NOS 1: found in nervous systemNOS 2: in macrophages and other immune cellsNOS 3: In endothelial cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The initial rapid depolarization in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells is...

    Incorrect

    • The initial rapid depolarization in the action potential of cardiac muscle cells is due to:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels

      Explanation:

      The initial depolarization of the action potential in a cardiac muscle cell is due to the sodium current generated by opening of the voltage gated sodium channels leading to an influx of sodium ions into the cell and raising the membrane potential towards threshold.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute...

    Incorrect

    • What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 1 mm ST elevation in 2 limb leads

      Explanation:

      The current guidelines for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) of ST segment elevation in the limb leads, and at least 2 mm elevation in the precordial leads. These elevations must be present in anatomically contiguous leads. (I, aVL, V5, V6 correspond to the lateral wall; V3-V4 correspond to the anterior wall ; V1-V2 correspond to the septal wall; II, III, aVF correspond to the inferior wall.)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The areas of extensive series of sarcoplasmic folds known as intercalated discs always...

    Incorrect

    • The areas of extensive series of sarcoplasmic folds known as intercalated discs always occur at what portion of the muscle fiber?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Z lines

      Explanation:

      The muscle fibers of the heart branch and interdigitate, but one complete unit is surrounded by a cell membrane. The place where one muscle fiber abuts the other, the cell membrane of both the fibers run parallel to each other through a series of extensive folds. These areas always occur on the Z lines and are known as intercalated discs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Explanation:

      There are two methods of calculating the cardiac output in humans other than doppler with echocardiography: The direct Fick’s method and the indicator dilution method. In the indicator dilution technique, a known amount of a substance such as a dye or, more commonly, a radioactive isotope is injected into an arm vein and the concentration of the indicator in serial samples of arterial blood is determined. The output of the heart is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation through the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following factors serve to decrease cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors serve to decrease cardiac output?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Standing from a lying position

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output. Anxiety, excitement, increased body temperature and pregnancy will increase the cardiac output. Standing from a lying position will decrease the cardiac output transiently.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following? ...

    Incorrect

    • Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      There is a correlation between resting CO and body surface area. The output per min per square meter of body surface (the cardiac index) averages 3.2l.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In Starling’s law of the heart, the decrease in tension developed by muscle...

    Incorrect

    • In Starling’s law of the heart, the decrease in tension developed by muscle contraction at high degrees of stretch is due to:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Disruption of myocardial fibers

      Explanation:

      Starling law states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the preload. When the heart muscle is stretched beyond its limit the tension that is developed decreases, this is not due to loss of formation of effective myosin and actin cross bridges. The heart muscles despite being fully stretched is never stretched to this point. The reason for this decreased tension is physical disruption of the myocardial fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Coronary arteries fill up during ...

    Incorrect

    • Coronary arteries fill up during

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      During contraction of the ventricular myocardium (systole), the subendocardial coronary vessels (the vessels that enter the myocardium) are compressed due to the high ventricular pressures. This compression results in momentary retrograde blood flow (i.e., blood flows backward toward the aorta) which further inhibits perfusion of myocardium during systole. However, the epicardial coronary vessels (the vessels that run along the outer surface of the heart) remain open. Because of this, blood flow in the sub endocardium stops during ventricular contraction. As a result, most myocardial perfusion occurs during heart relaxation (diastole) when the subendocardial coronary vessels are open and under lower pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - What is troponin? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is troponin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A component of thin filaments

      Explanation:

      Skeletal muscle cytoplasmic proteins include myosin and actin (also known as thick and thin filaments, respectively) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere. Troponin is a component of thin filaments (along with tropomyosin), and is the protein to which calcium binds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: They are released in response to hypervolemia

      Explanation:

      Natriuretic hormones are vasodilators released in response to hypervolemia.

      Natriuretic hormones (NH) include three groups of compounds: the natriuretic peptides NPs (ANP, BNP and CNP), the gastrointestinal peptides (guanylin and uroguanylin), and endogenous cardiac steroids. These substances induce the kidney to excrete sodium and therefore participate in the regulation of sodium and water homeostasis, blood volume, and blood pressure (BP). In addition to their peripheral functions, these hormones act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain.

      Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by inducing natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney, inhibiting renin secretion, aldosterone production, and promoting vasorelaxation.  Two paracrine factors derived from endothelial cells play important roles in modulating ANP secretion. Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates ANP secretion and augments stretch induced ANP secretion. The dramatic increase in ANP release produced by cardiac ischemia appears to be mediated in part by endothelin. Nitric oxide (NO), an important vasodilator, is also produced by endothelial cells and inhibits ANP secretion.

      Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) shares ANP’s receptor but is primarily associated with antifibrotic effects in ventricular remodeling, serving as a biomarker for heart failure and myocardial infarction.

      C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts locally in an autocrine/paracrine manner, exerting potent cardiovascular effects, including vasorelaxation and vascular remodeling post-injury. NPs also demonstrate diverse effects beyond cardiovascular and renal systems, such as bronchodilation, anti-inflammatory actions, and metabolic effects on adipose tissue and long bones.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Cholinergic vagal supply to the SA and AV nodes results in slowing of...

    Incorrect

    • Cholinergic vagal supply to the SA and AV nodes results in slowing of the heart rate via:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: M2 muscarinic receptors

      Explanation:

      M2 muscarinic receptors are the receptors for the parasympathetic system to the SA and the AV node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following does not lower ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following does not lower ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Adrenaline

      Explanation:

      Adrenaline is a sympathetic neurotransmitter which increases the heart rate. During atrial fibrillation the atria is contracting at more than 200 beats/min. Acetylcholine is a parasympathetic neurotransmitter decreasing the heart rate. Digital also depresses the conduction at the AV conduction. Vagal discharge and occulocardiac reflux decrease the heart rate and convert the tachycardia into normal sinus rhythm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Tight junctions

      Explanation:

      Tight junctions surround the apical margins of the epithelial cells such as in the intestinal mucosa and the choroid plexus. They are also important to the endothelial barrier function. They are made up of ridges that adhere to each other strongly at the cell junction, obliterating the space completely between the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - AV valves open during? ...

    Incorrect

    • AV valves open during?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Early diastole

      Explanation:

      The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause.The first stage, diastole, is when the semilunar valves (the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve) close, the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve) open, and the whole heart is relaxed. The second stage, atrial systole, is when the atrium contracts, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle.The third stage, isovolumic contraction is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. The fourth stage, ventricular ejection, is when the ventricles are contracting and emptying, and the semilunar valves are open. During the fifth stage, isovolumic relaxation time, pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - When looking at the JVP what does the c wave signify: ...

    Incorrect

    • When looking at the JVP what does the c wave signify:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

      Explanation:

      The C wave signifies a rise in the atrial pressure during isovolumetric contraction due to the tricuspid valve bulging into the atria.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following has the shortest duration: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following has the shortest duration:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Atrial systole

      Explanation:

      Atrial systole: 0.1s

      Atrial diastole: around 0.4s

      Ventricular diastole: 0.4-0.53s

      Ventricular systole: 0.27s

      PR interval: 0.12-0.2 s

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Concerning coronary arteries, what is the net effect of B2 stimulation on the...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning coronary arteries, what is the net effect of B2 stimulation on the heart (e.g. Running athlete)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vasodilation via production of metabolites

      Explanation:

      The coronary arterioles contain α-adrenergic receptors, which cause vasoconstriction, and β-adrenergic receptors, which cause vasodilation. Activity in the noradrenergic nerves to the heart and injections of norepinephrine cause coronary vasodilation. However, norepinephrine also increases the heart rate and the force of cardiac contraction, and the vasodilation is due to production of vasodilator metabolites in the myocardium secondary to the increase in its activity. As exercise has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation, it will result in vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which factors increase the end-diastolic volume? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which factors increase the end-diastolic volume?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Constriction of veins

      Explanation:

      End diastolic volume is also known as preload. It is the amount of blood the heart contracts against. Constriction of veins will decrease venous pooling and increase venous return, hence increasing the end diastolic volume. Standing will increase venous pooling hence decreasing venous return and end diastolic volume. Raised intrapericardial pressure will also decrease venous return and hence end diastolic volume.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The direct determinants of cardiac output are ...

    Incorrect

    • The direct determinants of cardiac output are

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as:Cardiac Output [L/min] = Stroke Volume [L/beat] x Heart Rate [beats/min]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - If both the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems are blocked in the heart,...

    Incorrect

    • If both the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems are blocked in the heart, the rate will be approximately:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 100/min

      Explanation:

      The normal heart beat is about 70/min. This is due to a predominant parasympathetic activity. If sympathetic activity was unopposed the heart rate would have been 150/min. When both the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are blocked the heart rate is 100/min. This is the normal firing rate of the SA node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - How does pregnancy affect the cardiac output of a patient? ...

    Incorrect

    • How does pregnancy affect the cardiac output of a patient?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased cardiac output due to increase in heart rate and stroke volume

      Explanation:

      Cardiac Output increases to a similar degree as the blood volume. During the first trimester cardiac output is 30-40% higher than in the non-pregnant state. Steady rises are shown on Doppler echocardiography, from an average of 6.7 litres/minute at 8-11 weeks to about 8.7 litres/minute flow at 36-39 weeks; they are due, primarily, to an increase in stroke volume (35%) and, to a lesser extent, to a more rapid heart rate (15%). There is a steady reduction in systemic vascular resistance (SVR) which contributes towards the hyperdynamic circulation observed in pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which of the following concerning PR interval is INCORRECT? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following concerning PR interval is INCORRECT?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Always measured from the beginning of p wave to the beginning of r wave

      Explanation:

      The PR interval measures the time from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of ventricular depolarization. The PR interval is only measured from the beginning of P wave to beginning of R wave if the Q wave is absent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval ...

    Incorrect

    • Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: QT

      Explanation:

      The QT interval represents ventricular depolarization as well as ventricular repolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (0/1) 0%
Medicine (0/1) 0%
Passmed
Retry this test Dashboard