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  • Question 1 - Alpha cells of the endocrine pancreas produce which of the following hormones: ...

    Correct

    • Alpha cells of the endocrine pancreas produce which of the following hormones:

      Your Answer: Glucagon

      Explanation:

      Glucagon is a peptide hormone that is produced and secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The main physiological role of glucagon is to stimulate hepatic glucose output, thereby leading to increases in glycaemia. It provides the major counter-regulatory mechanism to insulin in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
      Hypoglycaemia is the principal stimulus for the secretion of glucagon but may also be used as an antidote in beta-blocker overdose and in anaphylaxis in patients on beta-blockers that fail to respond to adrenaline.
      Glucagon then causes:
      Glycogenolysis
      Gluconeogenesis
      Lipolysis in adipose tissue
      The secretion of glucagon is also stimulated by:
      Adrenaline
      Cholecystokinin
      Arginine
      Alanine
      Acetylcholine
      The secretion of glucagon is inhibited by:
      Insulin
      Somatostatin
      Increased free fatty acids
      Increased urea production

      Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released by this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is inhibited by glucagon, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated so that when one cell pathway is activated, the other is inactive and vice versa.

      Glucagon has a minor effect of enhancing lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. It makes fatty acids available for oxidation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      4.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Monoamine oxidase is primarily involved in the degradation of which of the following:...

    Incorrect

    • Monoamine oxidase is primarily involved in the degradation of which of the following:

      Your Answer: Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)

      Correct Answer: Noradrenaline

      Explanation:

      Catecholamines are broken down extracellularly and in the liver by catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) and intracellularly by monoamine oxidase (MAO).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      24.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following hormones is dysfunctional in diabetes insipidus: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following hormones is dysfunctional in diabetes insipidus:

      Your Answer: Antidiuretic hormone

      Explanation:

      Diabetes insipidus (DI) may result from a deficiency of ADH secretion (cranial DI) or from an inappropriate renal response to ADH (nephrogenic DI). As a result, fluid reabsorption at the kidneys is impaired, resulting in large amounts of hypotonic, dilute urine being passed with a profound unquenchable polydipsia.
      The biochemical hallmarks of DI are:
      High plasma osmolality (> 295 mOsm/kg)
      Low urine osmolality (< 300 mOsm/kg)
      Hypernatraemia (> 145 mmol/L)
      High urine volume

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      12.9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), insulin should initially be given: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the management of diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA), insulin should initially be given:

      Your Answer: At a concentration of 1 unit/mL at a fixed rate of 0.1 units/kg/hour

      Explanation:

      An intravenous insulin infusion should be started at a concentration of 1 unit/mL, at a fixed rate of 0.1 units/kg/hour. Established subcutaneous long-acting insulin therapy should be continued concomitantly. Blood ketone and blood glucose concentrations should be checked hourly and the insulin infusion rate adjusted accordingly. Blood ketone concentration should fall by at least 0.5 mmol/litre/hour and blood glucose concentration should fall by at least 3 mmol/litre/hour.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Pharmacology
      44.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - A patient is sent in to ED by her GP with hyponatraemia and...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is sent in to ED by her GP with hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia. There is most likely to be a deficiency in which of the following hormones:

      Your Answer: Cortisol

      Correct Answer: Aldosterone

      Explanation:

      A deficiency of aldosterone, as seen in adrenal insufficiency, can result in hyponatraemia and hyperkalaemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      22.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Insulin is produced by which of the following pancreatic cells: ...

    Correct

    • Insulin is produced by which of the following pancreatic cells:

      Your Answer: β cells

      Explanation:

      Insulin is produced by beta cells, located centrally within the islets of Langerhans, in the endocrine tissues of the pancreas. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone consisting of two short chains (A and B) linked by disulphide bonds. Proinsulin is synthesised as a single-chain peptide. Within storage granules, a connecting peptide (C peptide) is removed by proteases to yield insulin. Insulin release is stimulated initially during eating by the parasympathetic nervous system and gut hormones such as secretin, but most output is driven by the rise in plasma glucose concentration that occurs after a meal. The effects of insulin are mediated by the receptor tyrosine kinase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      1.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism:

      Your Answer: Graves disease

      Explanation:

      Graves disease is the most common cause of hyperthyroidism. It is an autoimmune disease in which autoantibodies against TSH receptors are produced. These antibodies bind to and stimulate these TSH receptors leading to an excess production of thyroid hormones. Therefore, the signs and symptoms of Graves disease are the same as those of hyperthyroidism, reflecting the actions of increased circulating levels of thyroid hormones: increased heat production, weight loss, increased 02 consumption and cardiac output and exophthalmos (bulging eyes, not drooping eyelids). TSH levels will be decreased (not increased) as a result of the negative feedback effect of increased T3 levels on the anterior pituitary.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of hypoglycaemia: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical clinical feature of hypoglycaemia:

      Your Answer: Polyuria

      Explanation:

      Clinical features of hypoglycaemia:
      Autonomic  symptoms: Sweating, feeling hot, anxiety/agitation, palpitations, shaking, paraesthesia, dizziness
      Neuroglycopaenic symptoms: Weakness, blurred vision, difficulty speaking, poor concentration, poor coordination, drowsiness, confusion, seizures, coma
      Other symptoms: Nausea, fatigue, hunger

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      14.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of cortisol: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical effect of cortisol:

      Your Answer: Decreased protein catabolism

      Explanation:

      Cortisol is a steroid hormone produced in the zona fasciculata of the adrenal cortex. It is released in response to stress and low blood glucose concentrations.
      Cortisol acts to: raise plasma glucose by stimulating glycolysis and gluconeogenesis in the liver and inhibiting peripheral glucose uptake into storage tissues, increase protein breakdown in skeletal muscle, skin and bone to release amino acids, increase lipolysis from adipose tissues to release fatty acidsand at higher levels and mimic the actions of aldosterone on the kidney to retain Na+ and water and lose K+ ionssuppress the action of immune cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      18.5
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrine (7/9) 78%
Physiology (6/8) 75%
Pharmacology (1/1) 100%
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