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  • Question 1 - Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation? ...

    Correct

    • Which dorsal (sensory) root is responsible for umbilical area sensation?

      Your Answer: T10

      Explanation:

      The area of skin supplied by one nerve is called a dermatome. T10 supplies sensory neurons to the area of the umbilicus. C3 and C4 supply the neck and the shoulder, T4 supplies the dermatome at the level of the nipple, S3 supplies the inguinal region and L5 supplies the lateral aspect of the leg and the medical aspect of the dorsum of the feet plus the first 3 toes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The neurotransmitter utilised by the Purkinje cells is:

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers: the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer. Purkinje cells play a fundamental role in controlling motor movement. They release a neurotransmitter called GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions thereby reducing transmission of impulses. These inhibitory functions enable purkinje cells to regulate and coordinate motor movements.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      32.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion? ...

    Correct

    • On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?

      Your Answer: Α2 receptor

      Explanation:

      Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      67.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:

      Your Answer: Activation of the Na-K-ATPase pump

      Correct Answer:

      Explanation:

      Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      18.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Visual pathways - Choose the true statement: ...

    Correct

    • Visual pathways - Choose the true statement:

      Your Answer: The lateral geniculate nucleus, magnocellular & parvocellular pathways project to the primary visual cortex

      Explanation:

      The optic chiasm is made by the decussation of optic fibers on the nasal side. The magnocellular pathway carries signals for detection of movement. The parvocellular pathway carries cells for detection of shape, size, colour and clarity. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the relay centre in the thalamus for he visual pathway. It has layers of magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells that are interleaved with layers of koniocellular cells. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      75.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:...

    Incorrect

    • Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:

      Your Answer: Pons

      Correct Answer: Ponto-medullary junction

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerves III, IV and V exit from the pons, VI, VII, VIII exit from the pontomedullary junction and cranial nerve IX, X, XI, XII exit from the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      25.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter? ...

    Incorrect

    • The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      Medium spiny neurons are inhibitory neurons which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions. These cells represent 95% of neurones within the human striatum found in basal ganglia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      138.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with: ...

    Incorrect

    • The outer and inner surfaces of the arachnoid mater is covered with:

      Your Answer: Ectodermal cells

      Correct Answer: Mesothelial cells

      Explanation:

      The arachnoid mater is one of the three meninges that covers the brain and spinal cord. It is interposed between the two other meninges, the more superficial and much thicker dura mater and the deeper pia mater, from which it is separated by the subarachnoid space. The arachnoid mater consists of a subdural mesothelial layer and a compact central layer

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      28.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per...

    Incorrect

    • Which part of the neuron has the highest concentration of sodium channels per square millimetre of the cell membrane?

      Your Answer: Initial segment 350-500

      Correct Answer: Nodes of Ranvier

      Explanation:

      The nodes of Ranvier contain Na+/K+ ATPases, Na+/Ca2+ exchangers and a high density of Na+ channels. The estimated concentration of sodium channels in the node is of ∼1500/μm2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      44
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination:

      Your Answer: 30% change in concentration of substance tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected

      Explanation:

      The ability of humans to differentiate differences in intensity of taste is poor. A 30% change in the concentration of the substance being tasted is required before an intensity difference is perceived.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      31.6
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Where do the meningeal veins lie? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where do the meningeal veins lie?

      Your Answer: Arachnoid mater

      Correct Answer: Endosteal layer of the dura

      Explanation:

      Meningeal veins lie in the endosteal layer of the dura. The veins lie lateral to the arteries.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      20.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes? ...

    Incorrect

    • What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

      Your Answer: Parietofrontal sulcus

      Correct Answer: Central sulcus

      Explanation:

      The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. It contains the motor cells for the movement function of the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      30.5
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual...

    Correct

    • The tectum as part of the Midbrain contains which structure important in visual reflexes.

      Your Answer: Superior colliculus

      Explanation:

      The tectum is a part of the midbrain, specifically, the dorsal part of the midbrain. The tectum consists of the superior and inferior colliculi. The superior colliculus is involved in preliminary visual processing and control of eye movement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      11.5
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Regarding gustatory sensation: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding gustatory sensation:

      Your Answer: The sensory taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travel to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve

      Explanation:

      There are three morphologically distinct types of taste buds including; circumvallate, fungiform and foliate. Circumvallate are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue. The posterior third travels to glossopharyngeal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      40.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?...

    Incorrect

    • In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?

      Your Answer: Caudate and putamen

      Correct Answer: Putamen and Globus pallidus

      Explanation:

      The Basal Ganglia are composed of the following structures: Caudate, putamen, Globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra. The lentiform nucleus comprises of the putamen and the Globus pallidus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      27.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:...

    Correct

    • Of the daily production of CSF, the vast majority is produced in the:

      Your Answer: Choroid plexus

      Explanation:

      About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      13.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Parietal lobe : primary somatosensory cortex

      Explanation:

      Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract.
      Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve.
      Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion.
      Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area.
      Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      32.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Where is the aqueous humor normally reabsorbed? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the aqueous humor normally reabsorbed?

      Your Answer: Canal of schlemm

      Explanation:

      Aqueous humor is a clear protein free fluid secreted by the ciliary body, it travels to the anterior chamber through the pupil and is absorbed through a network of trabeculae into the canal of schlemm

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      188.1
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except:

      Your Answer: Proprioceptive input from muscles of the tongue and larynx

      Explanation:

      The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve consisting of both sensory and motor fibers. It has several branches and five distinct general functions:
      Branchial motor- Special visceral efferent- supplies the Stylopharyngeus muscle and superior constrictor muscle.
      Visceral motor- general visceral efferent- provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.
      Visceral sensory- general visceral afferent- carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.
      General sensory- general somatic afferent- provides general sensory information from the inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx and posterior one third of the tongue.
      Visceral afferent- special visceral afferent- provides taste sensation from the posterior one third of the tongue including the circumvallate papillae.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      79.8
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The thalamic main input from the cortex is via which tracts? ...

    Incorrect

    • The thalamic main input from the cortex is via which tracts?

      Your Answer: Corticospinal tracts

      Correct Answer: Thalamocortical pathway

      Explanation:

      The thalamus is connected to cerebral cortex via the thalamocortical radiation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      52.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - In which cell would you find a Nissl body? ...

    Incorrect

    • In which cell would you find a Nissl body?

      Your Answer: Astrocyte

      Correct Answer: Bipolar neuron

      Explanation:

      Nissl bodies are the structures of protein synthesis in neurones. They are granular bodies of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes. Astrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cell, oligodendrocytes are collectively known as glia or supporting cells of the nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

      Your Answer: Dorsal root

      Correct Answer: Lateral column

      Explanation:

      The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      43.4
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron into the synaptic cleft and also by some postganglionic sympathetic neurons as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following are exclusively innervated by parasympathetic nerves? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are exclusively innervated by parasympathetic nerves?

      Your Answer: Sweat glands

      Correct Answer: Circular muscle of iris

      Explanation:

      Circular muscle of iris is exclusively supplied by the parasympathetic nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      91.5
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The brainstem contains which of the following structures? ...

    Correct

    • The brainstem contains which of the following structures?

      Your Answer: The midbrain, pons and medulla

      Explanation:

      Brain stem is the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      26.1
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine?

      Your Answer: Dopamine

      Correct Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine is a major neurotransmitter in the peripheral nervous system. Monoamine neurotransmitters contain only one amino group joined to an aromatic ring. Acetylcholine is produced from acetyl-CoA and choline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The primary sensory cortex is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The primary sensory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 8

      Correct Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:
      Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2
      Primary Motor 4
      Premotor 6
      Primary Visual 17
      Primary Auditory 41
      Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      21.8
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei? ...

    Incorrect

    • The tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 3 to 5

      Correct Answer: CN 5 to 8

      Explanation:

      The pontine tegmentum also known as dorsal pons is located within the brain stem. Several cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pontine tegmentum. The nuclei of CN V, CN VI, CN VII and CNVIII are located in the pontine tegmentum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      45.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan?

      Your Answer: Serotonin

      Explanation:

      Serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. The rate-limiting step is the conversion of the amino acid to 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase. This is then converted to serotonin by the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      13.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column?

      Your Answer: Non discriminative touch

      Correct Answer: Proprioception/ discriminative touch

      Explanation:

      The posterior grey column (dorsal column) is responsible for carrying the sensation of proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration to the nucleus proprius, situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neuro-anatomy
      64.3
      Seconds

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Neuro-anatomy (12/30) 40%
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