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  • Question 1 - Coronary vasoconstriction can be caused by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Coronary vasoconstriction can be caused by:

      Your Answer: Hypoxia

      Correct Answer: Beta blockage

      Explanation:

      Coronary arteries contain alpha and beta receptors. The alpha receptor stimulates vasoconstriction and beta receptors stimulate vasodilation. When the chronotropic and inotropic effects of noradrenergic receptors are blocked by a B blocking drug, stimulation of the noradrenergic nerves will cause coronary vasoconstriction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The hyperpolarization phase of pacemaker cells is dominated by ____ current. ...

    Correct

    • The hyperpolarization phase of pacemaker cells is dominated by ____ current.

      Your Answer: K+

      Explanation:

      The hyperpolarization phase is a continuation of the repolarization phase but the membrane potential dips below the resting membrane potential. This results due to the fact that the K+ channels take a longer time to close than the Na+ channels. Hence efflux of the K+ will result in hyperpolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Regarding cardiac muscle contractility, the afterload refers to: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac muscle contractility, the afterload refers to:

      Your Answer: The degree of myocardial stretch before contraction

      Correct Answer: The resistance against which blood is expected

      Explanation:

      The afterload for the left ventricle is the aortic pressure. Hence it is this pressure that offers resistance against which the blood is to be expelled from the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      31
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except: ...

    Correct

    • The following are examples of the functions of the vascular endothelium except:

      Your Answer: Tumour suppression

      Explanation:

      Vascular endothelium has many important functions including regulation of vascular tone, molecular exchange between blood and tissue compartments, hemostasis and signaling for the immune regulation and inflammation. Depending on specific tissue needs and local stresses, endothelial cells are capable of evoking either antithrombotic or prothrombotic events. Tumor suppression is related to genes, or anti-oncogenes, that regulate a cell during cell division and replication.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the right second intercostal space underneath the sternum

      Correct Answer: Situated in the left third intercostal space underneath the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The areas of extensive series of sarcoplasmic folds known as intercalated discs always...

    Incorrect

    • The areas of extensive series of sarcoplasmic folds known as intercalated discs always occur at what portion of the muscle fiber?

      Your Answer: M line

      Correct Answer: Z lines

      Explanation:

      The muscle fibers of the heart branch and interdigitate, but one complete unit is surrounded by a cell membrane. The place where one muscle fiber abuts the other, the cell membrane of both the fibers run parallel to each other through a series of extensive folds. These areas always occur on the Z lines and are known as intercalated discs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      31.1
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Regarding the myofilament molecules, which of the following contains binding sites for calcium...

    Correct

    • Regarding the myofilament molecules, which of the following contains binding sites for calcium that helps to initiate contraction?

      Your Answer: Troponin c

      Explanation:

      Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin. Troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps initiate contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - In Jugular vein pressure the “a” wave represents? ...

    Correct

    • In Jugular vein pressure the “a” wave represents?

      Your Answer: Atrial systole

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections and two downward deflections have been described: The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      41.3
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The ability of the SA node cells to allow ionic flow through channels...

    Incorrect

    • The ability of the SA node cells to allow ionic flow through channels activated in a hyperpolarized state is known as:

      Your Answer: Pace maker current

      Correct Answer: Pace maker potential

      Explanation:

      Rhythmically discharging cells have a membrane potential that, after each impulse, declines to the firing level. Thus this prepotential or Pacemaker potential triggers the next impulse. The inherent leakiness of the sinus nodal fibers to Na+ and Ca2+ causes their self excitation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which coronary artery supplies the right atria? ...

    Correct

    • Which coronary artery supplies the right atria?

      Your Answer: Right coronary

      Explanation:

      The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery. The right coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is true of the Natriuretic hormones?

      Your Answer: They are released in response to hypervolemia

      Explanation:

      Natriuretic hormones are vasodilators released in response to hypervolemia.

      Natriuretic hormones (NH) include three groups of compounds: the natriuretic peptides NPs (ANP, BNP and CNP), the gastrointestinal peptides (guanylin and uroguanylin), and endogenous cardiac steroids. These substances induce the kidney to excrete sodium and therefore participate in the regulation of sodium and water homeostasis, blood volume, and blood pressure (BP). In addition to their peripheral functions, these hormones act as neurotransmitters or neuromodulators in the brain.

      Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) plays a crucial role in blood pressure regulation by inducing natriuresis and diuresis in the kidney, inhibiting renin secretion, aldosterone production, and promoting vasorelaxation.  Two paracrine factors derived from endothelial cells play important roles in modulating ANP secretion. Endothelin, a potent vasoconstrictor, stimulates ANP secretion and augments stretch induced ANP secretion. The dramatic increase in ANP release produced by cardiac ischemia appears to be mediated in part by endothelin. Nitric oxide (NO), an important vasodilator, is also produced by endothelial cells and inhibits ANP secretion.

      Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) shares ANP’s receptor but is primarily associated with antifibrotic effects in ventricular remodeling, serving as a biomarker for heart failure and myocardial infarction.

      C-type natriuretic peptide (CNP) acts locally in an autocrine/paracrine manner, exerting potent cardiovascular effects, including vasorelaxation and vascular remodeling post-injury. NPs also demonstrate diverse effects beyond cardiovascular and renal systems, such as bronchodilation, anti-inflammatory actions, and metabolic effects on adipose tissue and long bones.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Transport of Ca2+ into the reticulum to initiate cardiac muscle relaxation in via:...

    Incorrect

    • Transport of Ca2+ into the reticulum to initiate cardiac muscle relaxation in via:

      Your Answer: Dihydropyridine receptors

      Correct Answer: Serca (sarcoplasmic or endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ ATPase)

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban, which increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the SR, that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - In cardiac muscle, which of the following is directly responsible for the release...

    Correct

    • In cardiac muscle, which of the following is directly responsible for the release of Ca2+ stored in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (calcium-induced calcium release)?

      Your Answer: Ryanodine receptor (RyR)

      Explanation:

      Ryanodine receptor (RyR) is a ligand-gated Ca2+ channel with Ca2+ as its natural ligand. In skeletal muscle, Ca2+ entry from ECF by this route is not required for Ca2+ release. Instead, the DHPR that serves as the voltage sensor unlocks release of Ca2+ from the nearby SR via physical interaction with the RyR. The release is amplified through ca-induced ca release. However, in cardiac muscle, it is the influx of extracellular Ca2+ through the voltage-sensitive DHPR in the T system that triggers ca-induced ca release trough the RyR at the SR.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following pairs are correct concerning arteriolar tone? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following pairs are correct concerning arteriolar tone?

      Your Answer: Myogenic control: vascular smooth muscle responds to changes in pressure

      Correct Answer: Hormonal control: catecholamines affect the adrenergic receptors of the vascular smooth muscle

      Explanation:

      Catecholamines released from the adrenal medulla act on the noradrenergic receptors of the vascular smooth muscles. In the skeletal muscles and liver it causes vasodilation whilst it causes vasoconstriction in the rest of the blood vessels of the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      28
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - All valves are closed in which phase of the cardiac cycle? ...

    Correct

    • All valves are closed in which phase of the cardiac cycle?

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric relaxation

      Explanation:

      The cardiac cycle refers to a complete heartbeat from its generation to the beginning of the next beat, and so includes the diastole, the systole, and the intervening pause.The first stage, diastole, is when the semilunar valves (the pulmonary valve and the aortic valve) close, the atrioventricular (AV) valves (the mitral valve and the tricuspid valve) open, and the whole heart is relaxed. The second stage, atrial systole, is when the atrium contracts, and blood flows from atrium to the ventricle.The third stage, isovolumic contraction is when the ventricles begin to contract, the AV and semilunar valves close, and there is no change in volume. The fourth stage, ventricular ejection, is when the ventricles are contracting and emptying, and the semilunar valves are open. During the fifth stage, isovolumic relaxation time, pressure decreases, no blood enters the ventricles, the ventricles stop contracting and begin to relax, and the semilunar valves close due to the pressure of blood in the aorta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.4
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - With regard to the endothelial structure, the epithelium constitute: ...

    Incorrect

    • With regard to the endothelial structure, the epithelium constitute:

      Your Answer: Simple columnar

      Correct Answer: Simple squamous

      Explanation:

      The single layer of squamous epithelium lining the heart and blood vessels is known as the endothelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement: ...

    Correct

    • Myocyte action potentials – Choose the false statement:

      Your Answer: Repolarisation is due to net k+ influx

      Explanation:

      Final repolarization (phase 3) to the resting membrane potential (phase 4) is due to closure of the Ca2+ channels and a slow, delayed increase of K+ efflux through various types of K+ channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      30.2
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features...

    Incorrect

    • Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features of the jugular venous waveform?

      Your Answer: v wave

      Correct Answer: c wave

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP) classically has three upward deflections and two downward deflections. The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling. The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      39.1
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme? ...

    Incorrect

    • Nitric oxide triggers vascular smooth muscle contraction through activation of which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Adenylate cyclase

      Correct Answer: Guanylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Impaired production or excess catabolism of NO impairs this endothelium-dependent vasodilator function and may contribute to excessive vasoconstriction under various pathological situations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The celiac trunk consists of which arteries? ...

    Incorrect

    • The celiac trunk consists of which arteries?

      Your Answer: Superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric

      Correct Answer: Left gastric, common hepatic, splenic

      Explanation:

      The celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It is 1.25 cm in length. Branching from the aorta at thoracic vertebra 12 (T12). There are three main divisions of the celiac artery:- left gastric artery- common hepatic artery- splenic artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Troponin I is inhibited by calcium binding to: ...

    Correct

    • Troponin I is inhibited by calcium binding to:

      Your Answer: Troponin c

      Explanation:

      At rest troponin I is bound to actin and tropomyosin and covers the site where the myosin head interacts with actin. When calcium enters into the muscle, it binds with troponin C and cause a structural change in troponin I which moves out of the myosin binding site and causes the cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which...

    Correct

    • Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which receptors

      Your Answer: Ryanodine receptors

      Explanation:

      Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) describes a biological process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum). CICR occurs when the resulting Ca2+ influx activates ryanodine receptors on the SR membrane, which causes more Ca2+ to be released into the cytosol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following normally has a slow depolarizing “prepotential”? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following normally has a slow depolarizing “prepotential”?

      Your Answer: Ventricular muscle cells

      Correct Answer: Sinoatrial node

      Explanation:

      There are 2 main types of action potentials (AP) in the heart, the slow response and the fast response:The slow response is initiated by the slow calcium-sodium channels, found in the SA node (which is the natural pacemaker of the heart) and the conduction fibers of the AV node.The fast response occurs in the atrial and ventricles muscle cells and the purkinje fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      29.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Where does the SA node develop? ...

    Correct

    • Where does the SA node develop?

      Your Answer: From structures on the right side of the embryo.

      Explanation:

      The SA node develops from the right side of the embryo and the AV node from the left. This is the reason why in adults the right vagus supplies the SA node and the left vagus supplies the AV node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Where on the surface of the chest is the normal site of auscultation...

    Incorrect

    • Where on the surface of the chest is the normal site of auscultation for the mitral area?

      Your Answer: 5th left intercostal space mid-axillary line

      Correct Answer: 4th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum, in the mid clavicular line.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      23.8
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the 4th intercostal space in the mid clavicular line

      Correct Answer: Situated in the 4th intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.9
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Coronary arteries arise from? ...

    Correct

    • Coronary arteries arise from?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Explanation:

      Coronary arteries arise from the sinuses behind 2 of the cusps of the aortic valve at the root of aorta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?...

    Incorrect

    • The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?

      Your Answer: Parasympathetic input

      Correct Answer: Metabolites of oxygen consumption

      Explanation:

      There is a strong relationship between myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. This indicates that products of metabolism may cause vasodilation of the coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.6
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the base of the heart ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the base of the heart

      Your Answer: 2nd left costal to 3rd right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The base of the heart, also known as the superior border of the heart corresponds to a line connecting the inferior border of the 2nd left costal cartilage to the superior border of the 3rd right costal cartilage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute...

    Correct

    • What are the diagnostic criteria for an ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: 1 mm ST elevation in 2 limb leads

      Explanation:

      The current guidelines for the ECG diagnosis of the ST segment elevation type of acute myocardial infarction require at least 1 mm (0.1 mV) of ST segment elevation in the limb leads, and at least 2 mm elevation in the precordial leads. These elevations must be present in anatomically contiguous leads. (I, aVL, V5, V6 correspond to the lateral wall; V3-V4 correspond to the anterior wall ; V1-V2 correspond to the septal wall; II, III, aVF correspond to the inferior wall.)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      22.4
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?...

    Correct

    • In which organ will you find extremely porous sinusoidal capillaries, with discontinuous endothelium?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      The liver is the organ which contains sinusoidal capillaries with discontinuous endothelium. The brain, lungs and the intestine all contain continuous capillaries, however the kidney contains fenestrated capillaries to aid in filtration.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.9
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Cholinergic nerves from the vagus innervate the SA and AV nodes via which...

    Correct

    • Cholinergic nerves from the vagus innervate the SA and AV nodes via which receptor in the heart?

      Your Answer: M2 receptor

      Explanation:

      M2 receptor is found in the heart. M3 and M4 are associated with smooth muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Which one of the following is a risk factor for torsade de pointes?...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following is a risk factor for torsade de pointes?

      Your Answer: Hypothermia

      Explanation:

      The following is a list of factors associated with an increased tendency toward torsades de pointes:- Hypokalaemia (low blood potassium)- Hypomagnesemia (low blood magnesium)- Hypocalcaemia (low blood calcium)- Bradycardia (slow heartbeat)- Heart failure- Left ventricular hypertrophy- Hypothermia- Subarachnoid haemorrhage- Hypothyroidism

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - According to Poiseuille’s formula, which 1 of the following will lead to increased...

    Incorrect

    • According to Poiseuille’s formula, which 1 of the following will lead to increased flow?

      Your Answer: Smaller pressure difference at 2 ends of tube

      Correct Answer: Shorter tube

      Explanation:

      V = π p r4 / 8 η lwhere V = discharge volume flow (m3/s)p = pressure difference between the ends of the pipe (N/m2, Pa)r = internal radius of pipe (m)l = length of pipe (m)η = viscosity of fluid

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      35
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves all of the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves all of the following except:

      Your Answer: ATP hydrolysis

      Correct Answer: Binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin

      Explanation:

      In the excitation contraction coupling model, an action potential is transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ from the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors. These are voltage gates calcium channels. Calcium binds to calmodulin during contraction of the smooth muscle and not the cardiac muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      24.9
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body)...

    Correct

    • The amount of a substance taken up by an organ (or whole body) per unit time is = (the arterial level - the venous level) * the blood flow. This statement describes?

      Your Answer: The Fick principle

      Explanation:

      The essence of the Fick principle is that blood flow to an organ can be calculated using a marker substance if the following information is known:- Amount of marker substance taken up by the organ per unit time- Concentration of marker substance in arterial blood supplying the organ- Concentration of marker substance in venous blood leaving the organ

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.3
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by which artery? ...

    Correct

    • The SA and AV nodes are usually supplied by which artery?

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The right coronary artery supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, SA and AV nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - The internodal tract of Bachman: ...

    Correct

    • The internodal tract of Bachman:

      Your Answer: Connects the SA node to the AV node

      Explanation:

      Internodal tract of Bachman connects the SA node to the AV node conducting the electrical impulses generated from the SA node to the AV node and from the AV node to the rest of the electrical complex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - According to Starling's law of the heart: ...

    Incorrect

    • According to Starling's law of the heart:

      Your Answer: Energy of contraction is proportional to the pressure in the left ventricle

      Correct Answer: The extent of the preload is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

      Explanation:

      Frank starlings law describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increased venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and the development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relationship is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      45.8
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - The V wave in the jugular pulse is caused by: ...

    Correct

    • The V wave in the jugular pulse is caused by:

      Your Answer: Atrial filling

      Explanation:

      The v wave reflects the passive increase in pressure and volume of the right atrium as it fills in late systole and early diastole.

      The jugular vein pulsations usually have two elevations and two troughs. The first elevation (a wave) corresponds to the slight rise in atrial pressure resulting from atrial contraction. The first descent (x descent) reflects a fall in atrial pressure that starts with atrial relaxation. The second elevation (v wave) corresponds to ventricular systole when blood is entering the right atrium from the vena cavae while the tricuspid valve is closed. Finally, the second descent (y descent) reflects falling right atrial pressure as the tricuspid valve opens and blood drains from the atrium into the ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - What is a characteristic findings on ECG in hyperkalaemia? ...

    Correct

    • What is a characteristic findings on ECG in hyperkalaemia?

      Your Answer: Tall, tented T waves

      Explanation:

      Hyperkalaemia leads to:

      – Prolonged PR interval

      – Small P waves

      – Tall, tented T waves

      – Widened QRS complexes and eventually asystole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - The coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium, serves to? ...

    Correct

    • The coronary sinus, which empties into the right atrium, serves to?

      Your Answer: Drain the venous supply of the myocardium

      Explanation:

      The coronary sinus is a collection of veins joined together to form a large vessel that collects blood from the heart muscle (myocardium). It delivers deoxygenated blood to the right atrium, as do the superior and inferior vena cava.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.4
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - The coronary sinus drains into the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The coronary sinus drains into the:

      Your Answer: Superior vena cava

      Correct Answer: Right atrium

      Explanation:

      The coronary sinus drains into the right atrium. Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins. Apart from these there are other vessels that drain directly into the heart chambers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Sleep

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output. Anxiety, excitement and pregnancy will increase the cardiac output. Standing from a lying position will decrease the cardiac output transiently.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - The most resistant area in the brain to hypoxia is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The most resistant area in the brain to hypoxia is:

      Your Answer: Thalamus

      Correct Answer: Brain stem

      Explanation:

      The structures in the brainstem are more resistant to hypoxia than the cerebral cortex and the rest of the brain structures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - The isoforms of nitric oxide synthase which are found in the nervous system...

    Correct

    • The isoforms of nitric oxide synthase which are found in the nervous system (NOS1) and endothelial cells (NOS3) are activated by agents that increase which of the following intracellular electrolytes?

      Your Answer: Ca

      Explanation:

      Synthesis of nitric oxide is stimulated by activation of the NMDA receptors by certain agents. This leads to opening of the Calcium channels and an influx of calcium into the cell. This will activate the nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is produced on demand.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface...

    Correct

    • The right border of the heart corresponds to which line on the surface of the chest?

      Your Answer: Line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The right border corresponds to a line drawn from the 3rd right costal cartilage to the 6th right costal cartilage; this border is slightly convex to the right.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.3
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time? ...

    Correct

    • How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time?

      Your Answer: 1

      Explanation:

      1 molecule of myosin binds to actin at any give time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Which of the following concerning PR interval is INCORRECT? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following concerning PR interval is INCORRECT?

      Your Answer: Always measured from the beginning of p wave to the beginning of r wave

      Explanation:

      The PR interval measures the time from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of ventricular depolarization. The PR interval is only measured from the beginning of P wave to beginning of R wave if the Q wave is absent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      45.1
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in...

    Correct

    • Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in endothelial cells?

      Your Answer: Nos 3

      Explanation:

      There are only 3 isoforms:NOS 1: found in nervous systemNOS 2: in macrophages and other immune cellsNOS 3: In endothelial cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.7
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (30/50) 60%
Medicine (30/50) 60%
Passmed
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