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  • Question 1 - What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential? ...

    Correct

    • What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential?

      Your Answer: Gated Na channels open allowing the influx of Na

      Explanation:

      Generation of an action potential in response to a stimulus is a result of a previously maintained resting membrane potential (RMP). Generation of resting membrane potential is mediated mainly by potassium ions. Several membrane proteins maintain RMP by transport of ions in and out of cell. Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains a concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ ions. Na+ concentration in extracellular fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and K+ ion concentration is higher intracellularly. Generation of an action potential facilitates opening of Na+ ion channels which allow for Na+ to diffuse inside the cell according to the concentration gradient.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      24.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?

      Your Answer: Dorsal root

      Correct Answer: Lateral column

      Explanation:

      The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The primary auditory cortex is: ...

    Correct

    • The primary auditory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 41

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following runs in the upper part of the falx cerebri?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following runs in the upper part of the falx cerebri?

      Your Answer: Superior sagittal sinus

      Explanation:

      Falx cerebri is a sickle cell fold of dura between the two hemispheres. Its posterior part blends with the superior part of the tentorium cerebelli. The superior sagittal sinus runs in its upper fixed margin, the inferior sagittal sinus in the free concave margin and the straight sinus along its attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The primary visual cortex is located in the: ...

    Correct

    • The primary visual cortex is located in the:

      Your Answer: Occipital lobe

      Explanation:

      The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The primary sensory cortex is: ...

    Correct

    • The primary sensory cortex is:

      Your Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Cold receptors are likely to be active at the following temperatures except? ...

    Incorrect

    • Cold receptors are likely to be active at the following temperatures except?

      Your Answer: 19 °C

      Correct Answer: 39 °C

      Explanation:

      Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is primarily responsible for the detection of temperatures ranging from 8-28 C. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca+ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      19.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following associations is false? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following associations is false?

      Your Answer: Mandibular nerve – foramen lacerum

      Explanation:

      – The olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate- The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen rotundum- The facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen- The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through the foramen ovale- The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      35.8
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax...

    Correct

    • Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax and upper abdomen?

      Your Answer: CN X

      Explanation:

      Cranial nerve X supplies the structures of the thorax and abdomen. All the rest of the cranial nerves supply the structures in the head and neck

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The midbrain, medulla and pons, contain the following cranial nerve nuclei? ...

    Correct

    • The midbrain, medulla and pons, contain the following cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 3 - 12

      Explanation:

      The cranial nerves (with the exception of I and II) originate in the brainstem, which includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      30.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The cavernous sinus is? ...

    Correct

    • The cavernous sinus is?

      Your Answer: Lateral to the body of the sphenoid

      Explanation:

      It is a venous sinus which creates a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. There are 2 on either side. It is about 1cm wide and extends from the posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. They sit on either side or lateral to the sphenoid bone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Explanation:

      Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron into the synaptic cleft and also by some postganglionic sympathetic neurons as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which receptor type is associated with bronchial muscle relaxation? ...

    Correct

    • Which receptor type is associated with bronchial muscle relaxation?

      Your Answer: β2

      Explanation:

      β2-adrenoceptors are widely distributed in the respiratory tract. When they are activated, an intracellular response induces the activation of cyclic AMP; this, in turn, produces airway relaxation through phosphorylation of muscle regulatory proteins and modification of cellular Ca2+concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      31.8
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Increase Gamma motor neuron activity produces what effect on the muscle spindle sensitivity?...

    Correct

    • Increase Gamma motor neuron activity produces what effect on the muscle spindle sensitivity?

      Your Answer: Increase

      Explanation:

      The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is Type Ia fibers whereas motor supply is via gamma motor neurons. These neurons also play a role in adjusting the sensitivity of muscle spindles. Increased neuron activity increases the muscle spindle sensitivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Functions of the glossopharyngeal nerve include the following except:

      Your Answer: Transmission of afferent impulses from the carotid baro- and chemoreceptors to the nucleus tractus solitarius in the medulla

      Correct Answer: Proprioceptive input from muscles of the tongue and larynx

      Explanation:

      The glossopharyngeal nerve is a mixed nerve consisting of both sensory and motor fibers. It has several branches and five distinct general functions:Branchial motor- Special visceral efferent- supplies the Stylopharyngeus muscle and superior constrictor muscle.Visceral motor- general visceral efferent- provides parasympathetic innervation of the parotid gland.Visceral sensory- general visceral afferent- carries visceral sensory information from the carotid sinus and carotid body.General sensory- general somatic afferent- provides general sensory information from the inner surface of the tympanic membrane, upper pharynx and posterior one third of the tongue.Visceral afferent- special visceral afferent- provides taste sensation from the posterior one third of the tongue including the circumvallate papillae.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      70.3
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The thalamus is a large collection of neuronal groups within the diencephalons which...

    Correct

    • The thalamus is a large collection of neuronal groups within the diencephalons which participates in:

      Your Answer: Sensory, motor and limbic

      Explanation:

      The thalamus has multiple functions. It is the relay station for every sensory system (except olfactory, regulates the sleep-wake cycle and consciousness and also relays motor information.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      16.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The choroid plexus: ...

    Correct

    • The choroid plexus:

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      The choroid plexus is a vascular structure found in all cerebral ventricles. The functional unit of the choroid plexus, composed of a capillary, enveloped by a layer of differentiated ependymal epithelium. Unlike the capillaries that form the blood-brain barrier, choroid plexus capillaries are fenestrated and have no tight junctions. The endothelium, therefore, does not form a barrier to the movement of small molecules. Instead, the blood-CSF barrier at the choroid plexus is formed by the epithelial cells and the tight junctions that link them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The brainstem contains which of the following structures? ...

    Correct

    • The brainstem contains which of the following structures?

      Your Answer: The midbrain, pons and medulla

      Explanation:

      Brain stem is the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps? ...

    Correct

    • Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps?

      Your Answer: C7

      Explanation:

      Of the nerve fibers that make up the brachial plexus, C7 mainly forms the radial nerve to innervate the triceps muscle, thus innervating the shoulders, elbow, wrist and hand. C7 is responsible for the triceps reflex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - A typical sleep cycle from stage 1 to the end of REM sleep...

    Correct

    • A typical sleep cycle from stage 1 to the end of REM sleep in a normal adult is approximately how long?

      Your Answer: 90 min

      Explanation:

      A single sleep cycle has stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and REM (Rapid eye movement). These stages progress cyclically from 1 through to REM and then begin again with stage 1. A complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90-110 minutes, with each stage lasting between 5 to 15 minutes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.8
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - In humans, the rate of CSF production per day is: ...

    Correct

    • In humans, the rate of CSF production per day is:

      Your Answer: 450-600 mls

      Explanation:

      CSF is produced around 20-25 ml per hour or 480-600ml per day.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is: ...

    Correct

    • The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is:

      Your Answer: Secretion of tears from lacrimal glands, secretion of saliva from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.

      Explanation:

      Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) has both sensory and motor components so it is a mixed nerve. It carries axons of:General somatic afferent – to skin and the posterior earGeneral visceral efferent – which innervate sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and the mucosa of the nasal cavity.General visceral afferent – provide sensation to soft palate and parts of the nasal cavity.Special visceral efferent – innervate muscles of facial expression and stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid musclesSpecial visceral afferent – provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following are exclusively innervated by parasympathetic nerves? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following are exclusively innervated by parasympathetic nerves?

      Your Answer: Circular muscle of iris

      Explanation:

      Circular muscle of iris is exclusively supplied by the parasympathetic nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?...

    Correct

    • The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?

      Your Answer: CN 5 to 8

      Explanation:

      The pontine tegmentum also known as dorsal pons is located within the brain stem. Several cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pontine tegmentum. The nuclei of CN V, CN VI, CN VII and CNVIII are located in the pontine tegmentum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      All the above are true for the formation of CSF

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan?

      Your Answer: Serotonin

      Explanation:

      Serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. The rate-limiting step is the conversion of the amino acid to 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase. This is then converted to serotonin by the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and...

    Correct

    • The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and lower scala tympani communicates is called the:

      Your Answer: Helicotrema

      Explanation:

      The helicotrema is the part of cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Regarding the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels, postganglionic sympathetic neurons have their...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels, postganglionic sympathetic neurons have their cell bodies in the:

      Your Answer: Inferior cervical ganglia

      Correct Answer: Superior cervical ganglia

      Explanation:

      The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is a part of autonomic system which plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis of the body. This ganglion innervates structures in the head and neck and is the largest and the most superiorly located ganglion. The SCG provides sympathetic innervation to structures within the head, including the pineal gland, the blood vessels in the cranial muscles and the brain, the choroid plexus, the eyes, the lacrimal glands, the carotid body, the salivary glands, and the thyroid gland. The postganglionic axons of the SCG innervate the internal carotid artery and form the internal carotid plexus. The internal carotid plexus carries the postganglionic axons of the SCG to the eye, lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and pharynx, and numerous blood-vessels in the head.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?...

    Correct

    • Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?

      Your Answer: Right homonymous hemianopia

      Explanation:

      Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract. Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve. Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion. Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area. Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance...

    Correct

    • Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance can be present in the lowest concentration before taste buds will respond?

      Your Answer: Strychnine hydrochloride (bitter)

      Explanation:

      The lowest concentration of a gustatory stimulus to which the taste buds respond is considered to be the threshold concentration for that substance. The threshold concentration for strychnine is 0.0001 mm; this is because it allows the body to detect potentially dangerous substances (bitter plant components) at lower concentrations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      5.6
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (26/30) 87%
Neurology (26/30) 87%
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