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  • Question 1 - Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the myenteric plexus (Auerbach’s plexus) located in the GIT?

      Your Answer: Between the outer longitudinal and middle circular muscle layers.

      Explanation:

      A part of the enteric nervous system, the myenteric plexus exists between the longitudinal and circular layers of muscularis externa in the gastrointestinal tract. It is found in the muscles of the oesophagus, stomach, and intestine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What is the function of migrating motor complex ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of migrating motor complex

      Your Answer: Stimulate peristalsis following ingestion of food

      Correct Answer: Clears the gut of luminal contents in preparation of the next meal

      Explanation:

      Migrating motor complexes (MMC) are waves of electrical activity that sweep through the intestines in a regular cycle during fasting. These motor complexes trigger peristaltic waves, which facilitate transportation of indigestible substances such as bone, fiber, and foreign bodies from the stomach, through the small intestine, past the ileocecal sphincter, and into the colon. The MMC occurs every 90–120 minutes during the interdigestive phase (between meals), and is responsible for the rumbling experienced when hungry. It also serves to transport bacteria from the small intestine to the large intestine, and to inhibit the migration of colonic bacteria into the terminal ileum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      19.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The oesophagus is lined by ...

    Incorrect

    • The oesophagus is lined by

      Your Answer: Simple squamous epithelium

      Correct Answer: Stratified squamous epithelium

      Explanation:

      The wall of the oesophagus from the lumen outwards consists of mucosa, submucosa (connective tissue), layers of muscle fibers between layers of fibrous tissue, and an outer layer of connective tissue. The mucosa is a stratified squamous epithelium of around three layers of squamous cells, which contrasts to the single layer of columnar cells of the stomach. The transition between these two types of epithelium is visible as a zig-zag line. Most of the muscle is smooth muscle although striated muscle predominates in its upper two thirds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Where is Basic Electrical rhythm initiated ...

    Correct

    • Where is Basic Electrical rhythm initiated

      Your Answer: Interstitial cells of cajal

      Explanation:

      The interstitial cells of Cajal are specialized pacemaker cells located in the wall of the stomach, small intestine, and large intestine. These cells are connected to the smooth muscle via gap junctions and the myenteric plexus. The cell membranes of the pacemaker cells undergo a rhythmic depolarization and repolarization from -65mV to -45mV. This rhythm of depolarization-repolarization of the cell membrane creates a slow wave known as a basic electrical rhythm (BER), and it is transmitted to the smooth muscle cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The first enzyme carbohydrates encounter in the digestive tract is? ...

    Correct

    • The first enzyme carbohydrates encounter in the digestive tract is?

      Your Answer: Amylase

      Explanation:

      Carbohydrate digesting enzymes are known as amylase. Salivary amylase or ptyalin is the first enzyme to begin carbohydrate digestion in he oral cavity. Amylose is a component of carbohydrates and is not an enzyme. Isomaltase, maltase and sucrase are enzymes found in the small intestines that digest disaccharides like maltose and sucrose to monosaccharides.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following is the most common route of hepatitis B transmission...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the most common route of hepatitis B transmission worldwide?

      Your Answer: Perinatal transmission

      Explanation:

      The virus is transmitted by exposure to infectious blood or body fluids. Infection around the time of birth or from contact with other people’s blood during childhood is the most frequent method by which hepatitis B is acquired in areas where the disease is common. In areas where the disease is rare, intravenous drug use and sexual intercourse are the most frequent routes of infection. Perinatal transmission is the most common and without intervention, a mother who is positive for HBsAg has a 20% risk of passing the infection to her offspring at the time of birth. This risk is as high as 90% if the mother is also positive for HBeAg.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - What is the primary problem of achalasia ...

    Correct

    • What is the primary problem of achalasia

      Your Answer: Deficiency of myenteric plexus at the lower oesophageal sphincter

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal achalasia is an oesophageal motility disorder involving the smooth muscle layer of the oesophagus is characterized by the failure of the lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) relaxation and aperistalsis, caused primarily by the loss of the inhibitory innervation of the oesophageal myenteric plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      27.9
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The alpha amylases hydrolyse which linkages in the ingested polysaccharides? ...

    Incorrect

    • The alpha amylases hydrolyse which linkages in the ingested polysaccharides?

      Your Answer: 1:5α linkages

      Correct Answer: 1:4α linkages

      Explanation:

      Alfa amylase hydrolyses the α (1-4) glyosidic bonds in amylose and amylopectin and leave primarily maltose.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      17
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?

      Your Answer: Pepsinogens

      Explanation:

      A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following prevents auto-digestion of the stomach by gastric secretions:

      Your Answer: Trefoil peptides and mucus- bicarbonate layer.

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin, a protein digesting enzyme. Bombesin is a peptide which stimulates gastrin secreting cells in the stomach increasing production of gastric acid. Ecl or enterochromaffin cells are neuroendocrine cells that aid in the production of gastric acid via the release of histamine. Oxyntic cells are also known as parietal cells and are the main cells secreting gastric hydrochloric acid (HCl). Gastric acid and pepsin are harmful agents for the gastric mucosa and can result in autodigestion. It is therefore protected by several agents including bicarbonate which neutralizes the acidity of gastric acid while Trefoil peptides are a component of gastric mucosa that form a gel like layer in the gastric epithelium protecting it from harmful agents.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which intestinal cells play a major role in secretory immunity?

      Your Answer: Mucous cells

      Correct Answer: M cells

      Explanation:

      M cells are specialized epithelial cells of the MALT or mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues. They transport antigens from the intestinal lumen to cells of the immune system, thereby initiating an immune response. T and B cells are lymphocytes found in blood. Mucous cells secrete mucous and can be considered as a part of innate immunity. Chief cells in the gastric mucosa secret pepsin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Pepsinogens are inactive pepsin precursors which are activated by ...

    Correct

    • Pepsinogens are inactive pepsin precursors which are activated by

      Your Answer: Gastric acid

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is converted to pepsin by the action of hydrochloric acid i.e. gastric acid

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except: ...

    Correct

    • All of the following constitute small intestinal brush border enzymes except:

      Your Answer: Alpha-amylase

      Explanation:

      The final step in digestion of carbohydrates, which is conversion of disaccharides to absorbable monosaccharides occurs on the small intestinal epithelial cells. The enzymes responsible for this final stage of digestion are not freely found in the intestinal lumen, but they are found as integral membrane proteins in the plasma membrane of the epithelial cell. The apical plasma membrane of the intestinal epithelial cell has numerous microvilli which extend from the cell known as the brush border. Thus, the enzymes embedded in those microvilli are referred to as brush border enzymes. All these enzymes except alfa amylase are brush border enzymes. Alfa amylase is secreted by pancreatic acinar cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is not completely produced in the liver?

      Your Answer: Factor x

      Correct Answer: Factor viii

      Explanation:

      Factor VIII is produced in liver sinusoidal cells and endothelial cells outside of the liver throughout the body. This protein circulates in the bloodstream in an inactive form, bound to another molecule called von Willebrand factor, until an injury that damages blood vessels occurs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Regarding short-chain fatty acids, all the following are true except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding short-chain fatty acids, all the following are true except:

      Your Answer: They promote Na+ absorption

      Correct Answer: They are produced in the small intestine but their absorption occurs in the colon

      Explanation:

      Short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) have carbon chains of 2-5 carbon atoms. They are produced in the large intestine and are also absorbed there. They exert a trophic effect on the colonic epithelial layer in absorption of sodium. In the absence of short chain fatty acids there is a loss of sodium and water. Transport of SCFA is coupled with sodium thus absorption leads to the accumulation in the lumen of HCO3, a rise in pH, fall in pCO2 and stimulation of Na+ and water transport. The effect on Na+ transport is thought to indicate the presence of a Na+/H+ exchange in the cell membrane.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      44.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Protein digestion starts in the stomach by which enzyme? ...

    Correct

    • Protein digestion starts in the stomach by which enzyme?

      Your Answer: Pepsin

      Explanation:

      Pepsinogen is the inactive form of pepsin which is secreted by gastric chief cells and is converted to pepsin, in the presence of gastric HCL. Pepsin is a peptidase that breaks down proteins into smaller peptides.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from ...

    Correct

    • Sympathetic supply to the stomach is derived from

      Your Answer: T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the T5-T9 spinal segments via the coeliac ganglion through the greater splanchnic nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      25
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following provides the sympathetic nervous supply to the stomach?

      Your Answer: Coeliac plexus

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic innervation to the stomach is from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic innervation is from the coeliac plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      2.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following is a product of D cells ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a product of D cells

      Your Answer: Somatostatin

      Explanation:

      Somatostatin is secreted by D cells, HCL and intrinsic factor secreted by parietal cells. Trefoil peptides are secreted by mucus secreting goblet cells and gastrin releasing peptide (grp) by post-ganglionic fibers of the vagus nerve (which innervate the G cells of the stomach).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.4
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of ...

    Incorrect

    • The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of

      Your Answer: Striated muscle portion

      Correct Answer: The circular muscle layer

      Explanation:

      The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle (circular muscle layer) at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Gastrointestinal (13/20) 65%
Medicine (13/20) 65%
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