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  • Question 1 - Regarding the surface anatomy of the orifices of the heart, where is the...

    Correct

    • Regarding the surface anatomy of the orifices of the heart, where is the aortic valve located?

      Your Answer: Opposite the left 3rd intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      52.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The Sinoatrial node in the majority of people is supplied by the? ...

    Correct

    • The Sinoatrial node in the majority of people is supplied by the?

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      In 60% of people, the SA node is supplied by the right coronary artery branch and in 40% of the people by the left coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Relaxation of the cardiac muscle at the actin-myosin cross bridges is initiated by...

    Correct

    • Relaxation of the cardiac muscle at the actin-myosin cross bridges is initiated by binding of which molecule to the exposed site on the myosin.

      Your Answer: ATP

      Explanation:

      A crossbridge is a myosin projection, consisting of two myosin heads, that extends from the thick filaments. Each myosin head has two binding sites: one for ATP and another for actin. The binding of ATP to a myosin head detaches myosin from actin, thereby allowing myosin to bind to another actin molecule. Once attached, the ATP is hydrolysed by myosin, which uses the released energy to move into the cocked position whereby it binds weakly to a part of the actin binding site.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following concerning PR interval is INCORRECT? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following concerning PR interval is INCORRECT?

      Your Answer: Always measured from the beginning of p wave to the beginning of r wave

      Explanation:

      The PR interval measures the time from the start of atrial depolarization to the start of ventricular depolarization. The PR interval is only measured from the beginning of P wave to beginning of R wave if the Q wave is absent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      33
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following conditions does not influence the cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following conditions does not influence the cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Sleep

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - What is cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • What is cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Product of stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is the product of stroke volume and heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.6
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • Factors influencing cardiac output include which of the following?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      There is a correlation between resting CO and body surface area. The output per min per square meter of body surface (the cardiac index) averages 3.2l.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The effects of β1 stimulation include the following ...

    Incorrect

    • The effects of β1 stimulation include the following

      Your Answer: Only a and b are correct

      Correct Answer: Increased strength of contraction

      Explanation:

      β1 stimulation include the phosphorylation of L type Ca++ channels and phospholamban and increased Ca++ influx from myocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.4
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - In Starling’s law of the heart, the decrease in tension developed by muscle...

    Correct

    • In Starling’s law of the heart, the decrease in tension developed by muscle contraction at high degrees of stretch is due to:

      Your Answer: Disruption of myocardial fibers

      Explanation:

      Starling law states that the force of contraction is directly proportional to the preload. When the heart muscle is stretched beyond its limit the tension that is developed decreases, this is not due to loss of formation of effective myosin and actin cross bridges. The heart muscles despite being fully stretched is never stretched to this point. The reason for this decreased tension is physical disruption of the myocardial fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.4
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is: ...

    Correct

    • The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is:

      Your Answer: Sarcomere

      Explanation:

      Sarcomere is the organelle where calcium is stored to be released during contraction of the muscle. It is the basic unit of contraction in striated muscle fibers. As myocytes are also striated muscles, sarcomeres also forms the basic unit of contraction. The impulses travel along the membrane and via its interaction with the dihydropyridine receptors it releases the stored calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Where on the surface of the chest is the normal site of auscultation...

    Incorrect

    • Where on the surface of the chest is the normal site of auscultation for the mitral area?

      Your Answer: 6th intercostal space mid-clavicular line

      Correct Answer: 4th left intercostal space in the mid-clavicular line

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum, in the mid clavicular line.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the atrial pressure changes represents the a-wave of the JVP ...

    Correct

    • Which of the atrial pressure changes represents the a-wave of the JVP

      Your Answer: Atrial systole

      Explanation:

      The a-wave created on the venous pulse curve occurs as a result of atrial systole. Due to the pressure build-up in the atria, it causes a back pressure in the vena cava. This pressure is exerted on the valve and this back pressure is what causes a slight increase in the venous pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Calcium is mobilized from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through: ...

    Correct

    • Calcium is mobilized from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through:

      Your Answer: Ryanodine receptor (RyR2) calcium release channels

      Explanation:

      During the plateau phase of the action potential, calcium from the extracellular fluid enters through the L type of calcium channels. This entry triggers the release of more calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum via the ryanodine receptors. As a result intracellular calcium increases binding to troponin C resulting in contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The a-wave is created by: ...

    Correct

    • The a-wave is created by:

      Your Answer: Regurgitation of some blood to the great veins when the atria contracts in atrial systole

      Explanation:

      The a-wave created on the venous pulse curve occurs as a result of atrial systole. Due to the pressure build-up in the atria, it causes a back pressure in the vena cava. This pressure is exerted on the valve and this back pressure is what causes a slight increase in the venous pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of: ...

    Correct

    • Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of:

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      The cardiac muscles have gap junctions in between the cells. They allow for the formation of low resistance passages, which allow ions to diffuse through every muscle fiber rapidly and result in the cardiac muscles functioning as a syncytium, without any protoplasmic bridges involved.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following is NOT associated with the development of aortic regurgitation?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT associated with the development of aortic regurgitation?

      Your Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy

      Explanation:

      Aortic insufficiency, is often due to the aortic root dilation, which is idiopathic in over 80% of cases, but otherwise may result from aging, syphilitic aortitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, aortic dissection, Bechet’s disease, reactive arthritis and systemic hypertension. Additionally, aortic insufficiency has been linked to the use of some medications and other potential causes that affect the valve directly including Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In acute cases of aortic insufficiency, the main causes are infective endocarditis, aortic dissection or trauma. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with the development of mitral regurgitation, not aortic regurgitation

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - What is pulse pressure? ...

    Correct

    • What is pulse pressure?

      Your Answer: Difference between systolic and diastolic pressure

      Explanation:

      The pulse pressure is the difference between the measured systolic and diastolic pressures.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The following contributes to the rate of depolarization? ...

    Correct

    • The following contributes to the rate of depolarization?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Depolarization occurs due to impulses generated by the SA node. As the heart beats to the rhythm of the SA node, certain factors will effect the rate of depolarization. All the mentioned options effect the rate of depolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The average end diastolic volume in a healthy individual’s ventricle is? ...

    Correct

    • The average end diastolic volume in a healthy individual’s ventricle is?

      Your Answer: 130 ml

      Explanation:

      The end diastolic volume in a healthy individual is about 130 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Although variable, branches of which artery most often supply the SA and AV...

    Correct

    • Although variable, branches of which artery most often supply the SA and AV nodes?

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The RCA (right coronary artery) supplies the SA and the AV nodes along with the postero-basal wall of the left ventricle, posterior one third of the inferior vena cava, right ventricle and the posteromedial papillary muscle in the left ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Blood flow to the subendocardial portions of the left ventricular muscle occurs mainly...

    Correct

    • Blood flow to the subendocardial portions of the left ventricular muscle occurs mainly during:

      Your Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      The sub endocardium receives the least amount of blood from the coronary arteries. During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure from contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the sub endocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of the following components regulate cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following components regulate cardiac output?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is regulated by the autonomic nervous system with sympathetic nerves having a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect and parasympathetic nerves having the opposite effect. An increase in preload will increase cardiac output likewise an afterload increase will also increase cardiac output.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function?

      Your Answer: Tight junctions

      Explanation:

      Tight junctions surround the apical margins of the epithelial cells such as in the intestinal mucosa and the choroid plexus. They are also important to the endothelial barrier function. They are made up of ridges that adhere to each other strongly at the cell junction, obliterating the space completely between the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The heart rate can be accelerated by: ...

    Correct

    • The heart rate can be accelerated by:

      Your Answer: Exercise and thyroid hormones

      Explanation:

      The firing of the SA node will increase due to exercises and as the thyroid hormone has a chronotropic effect on the heart, it too will result in an increase in the heart rate via stimulation of the adrenergic receptors of the heart. As during exercise the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it will directly have an positive chronotropic effect on the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Endothelial cells produce the following substance(s): ...

    Correct

    • Endothelial cells produce the following substance(s):

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Endothelial cells produce thromboxane, prostacyclins, nitric oxides, endothelins, IL-1 and TNF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - According to Starling's law of the heart: ...

    Incorrect

    • According to Starling's law of the heart:

      Your Answer: Cardiac output is increased when the sympathetic nerves are stimulated

      Correct Answer: The extent of the preload is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

      Explanation:

      Frank starlings law describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increased venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and the development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relationship is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      41.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in...

    Correct

    • Which of the following isoforms of Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) is found in endothelial cells?

      Your Answer: Nos 3

      Explanation:

      There are only 3 isoforms:NOS 1: found in nervous systemNOS 2: in macrophages and other immune cellsNOS 3: In endothelial cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.3
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by: ...

    Correct

    • Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by:

      Your Answer: Inhibiting the breakdown cAMP

      Explanation:

      Xanthines exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting the breakdown of the cAMP resulting in stronger and sustained contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.6
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - With regard to the endothelial structure, the epithelium constitute: ...

    Correct

    • With regard to the endothelial structure, the epithelium constitute:

      Your Answer: Simple squamous

      Explanation:

      The single layer of squamous epithelium lining the heart and blood vessels is known as the endothelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves all of the following except: ...

    Correct

    • Excitation-contraction coupling in cardiac muscle involves all of the following except:

      Your Answer: Binding of Ca2+ to calmodulin

      Explanation:

      In the excitation contraction coupling model, an action potential is transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ from the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors. These are voltage gates calcium channels. Calcium binds to calmodulin during contraction of the smooth muscle and not the cardiac muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (27/30) 90%
Medicine (27/30) 90%
Passmed
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