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  • Question 1 - Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?

      Your Answer: Decreased creatinine

      Explanation:

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in kidney and ureter size. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly increases by 50%, returning to normal around 20 weeks postpartum. Plasma sodium does not change because this is offset by the increase in GFR. There is decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and potentially glucosuria (due to saturated tubular reabsorption).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      16.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the: ...

    Correct

    • The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the:

      Your Answer: Papillary tip of the medulla

      Explanation:

      The medullary interstitium is the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. This hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      40.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Where are the principal cells found in the kidney? ...

    Correct

    • Where are the principal cells found in the kidney?

      Your Answer: Collecting ducts

      Explanation:

      A kidney collecting duct cell can be of two different cell types:Principal cellsIntercalated cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      13.7
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule? ...

    Incorrect

    • The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule?

      Your Answer: Basolateral surface of thick ascending limb

      Correct Answer: Apical surface of thick ascending limb

      Explanation:

      The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein, NKCC1 and NKCC2. NKCC2 is specifically found in cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the macula densa in nephrons, the basic functional units of the kidney. Within these cells, NKCC2 resides in the apical membrane abutting the nephron’s lumen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      41.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - An effect of aging on the kidney includes? ...

    Incorrect

    • An effect of aging on the kidney includes?

      Your Answer: Increased creatinine

      Correct Answer: Decreased GFR

      Explanation:

      The normal range of GFR, adjusted for body surface area, is 100 to 130 mL/min/1.73m2 in men and 90 to 120 ml/min/1.73m2 in women younger than the age of 40. After age 40, GFR decreases progressively with age, by about 0.4 mL/min to 1.2 mL/min per year.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      61.5
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per...

    Incorrect

    • If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per unit time, and PA = arterial plasma level of A, renal clearance of A is equal to?

      Your Answer: (UA x V)/(PA x V)

      Correct Answer: (UA x V)/PA

      Explanation:

      Renal clearance = [Urine concentration (UA) x Urine flow (V)]/[Plasma concentration (PA)]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      220
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to...

    Correct

    • An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the subsequent production of NH4 is called?

      Your Answer: Glutaminase

      Explanation:

      Glutaminase catalyses the following reaction:Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      214.4
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed? ...

    Correct

    • Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?

      Your Answer: Proximal tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology. It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide. Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      73.5
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Renin is secreted by which of the following cells? ...

    Correct

    • Renin is secreted by which of the following cells?

      Your Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells

      Explanation:

      The juxtaglomerular cells are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles, and some in the efferent arterioles, that deliver blood to the glomerulus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      33.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels: ...

    Correct

    • The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels:

      Your Answer: T12 – L3

      Explanation:

      The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver, typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney. The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right is slightly lower.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      15.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer: Angiotensin 2

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      22.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?

      Your Answer: (Na + K) – (HCO3 + Cl)

      Explanation:

      The anion gap is the difference between the measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference in the serum is often calculated in medicine when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis. Anion Gap = ([Na+] + [K+]) − ([Cl−] + [HCO−3])

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Correct

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      76.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a...

    Correct

    • Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a 55 year old male who weighs 75kg and has a serum creatinine of 150mg/dL?

      Your Answer: 0.59ml/min

      Explanation:

      A commonly used surrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min:CCr = [(140-age) x Mass(kg)]/[72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)](multiply by 0.85 for women)Therefore CCr = (85 x 75)/(72 x 150) = 0.59

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      219.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - What is the most important determinant of ECF volume? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most important determinant of ECF volume?

      Your Answer: The amount of sodium in the ECF

      Explanation:

      The volume of the ECF is determined primarily by the total amount of osmotically active solute in the ECF. The composition of the ECF is discussed in Chapter 1. Because Na+ and Cl− are by far the most abundant osmotically active solutes in ECF, and because changes in Cl− are to a great extent secondary to changes in Na+, the amount of Na+ in the ECF is the most important determinant of ECF volume.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      185.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed? ...

    Correct

    • Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed?

      Your Answer: Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle.

      Explanation:

      Although the majority of the filtered magnesium is reabsorbed within the ascending loop of Henle, it is now recognized that the distal tubule also plays an important role in magnesium conservation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      19
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion? ...

    Correct

    • What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion?

      Your Answer: Markedly increased Na+ excretion 

      Explanation:

      Osmotic diuresis is the increase of urination rate caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the kidneys. The excretion occurs when substances such as glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed (due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance). The substances cause an increase in the osmotic pressure within the tubule, causing retention of water within the lumen, and thus reduces the reabsorption of water, increasing urine output (i.e. diuresis). Sodium, chloride, potassium are markedly excreted in osmotic diuresis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      123.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to? ...

    Correct

    • ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to?

      Your Answer: Increase sodium excretion

      Explanation:

      The physiologic actions of BNP are similar to those of ANP and include decrease in systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure as well as an increase in natriuresis (sodium excretion). The net effect of these peptides is a decrease in blood pressure due to the decrease in systemic vascular resistance and, thus, afterload.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      32.7
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The ENaC Transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule? ...

    Correct

    • The ENaC Transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule?

      Your Answer: Collecting duct

      Explanation:

      The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to Na+ ions. It is involved primarily in the reabsorption of sodium ions at the collecting ducts of the kidney’s nephrons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      25.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the...

    Correct

    • In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the different compartments mentioned (intracellular, interstitial, vascular) are:

      Your Answer: 28l, 14l, 3.5l

      Explanation:

      In a 70kg male, approximately 60% (42 L) of the total body weight is composed of water divided proportionally in the following compartments:Intracellular fluid (ICF) – Around 67% (28 L) of total body water.Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Approximately 33% (14 L) of the total body fluid. The fluid in the intravascular compartment is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      151.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (17/20) 85%
Renal (17/20) 85%
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