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  • Question 1 - A 30-year-old rugby player suffers from an anterior cruciate ligament tear while pivoting...

    Correct

    • A 30-year-old rugby player suffers from an anterior cruciate ligament tear while pivoting to attempt to run around another player. An MRI was performed and showed that his injury caused two other structures in the knee joint to be injured.

      Which of the following structures is most likely also injured?

      Your Answer: Medial meniscus

      Explanation:

      The O’Donoghue unhappy triad or terrible triad often occurs in contact and non-contact sports, such as basketball, football, or rugby, when there is a lateral force applied to the knee while the foot is fixated on the ground. This produces an abduction-external rotation mechanism of injury.

      The O’Donoghue unhappy triad comprises three types of soft tissue injury that frequently tend to occur simultaneously in knee injuries. O’Donoghue described the injuries as: anterior cruciate ligament tear, medial collateral ligament injury, and medial meniscal tear (lateral compartment bone bruise).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      107.4
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - Which of the following statement is correct with regards to the female urethra?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statement is correct with regards to the female urethra?

      Your Answer: The urethra opens in the vestibule that lies between the labia minora.

      Explanation:

      The urethra in women is short (about 4 cm long), and begins at the base of the bladder. Its course runs inferiorly through the urogenital diaphragm, then into the perineum. It then opens in the vestibule which lies between the labia minora. The inferior aspect of the urethra is bound to the anterior surface of the vagina. The urethral opening is anterior to the vaginal opening in the vestibule. As the urethra passes through the pelvic floor, it is surrounded by the external urethral sphincter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      76.5
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of...

    Incorrect

    • A patient suffers a stab wound to the neck. The entry point of the blade is situated within the posterior triangle of the neck.
      Which of the following muscles is most likely to be involved? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Trapezius

      Correct Answer: Anterior scalene

      Explanation:

      The anterior triangle is the triangular area of the neck found anteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It is formed by the anterior border of sternocleidomastoid laterally, the median line of the neck medially and by the inferior border of the mandible superiorly. The apex of the anterior triangle extends towards the manubrium sterni. The anterior triangle contains:
      Muscles: thyrohyoid, sternothyroid, sternohyoid muscles
      Organs: thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, larynx, trachea, esophagus, submandibular gland, caudal part of the parotid gland
      Arteries: superior and inferior thyroid, common carotid, external carotid, internal carotid artery (and sinus), facial, submental, lingual arteries
      Veins: anterior jugular veins, internal jugular, common facial, lingual, superior thyroid, middle thyroid veins, facial vein, submental vein, lingual veins
      Nerves: vagus nerve (CN X), hypoglossal nerve (CN XII), part of sympathetic trunk, mylohyoid nerve

      The posterior triangle is a triangular area found posteriorly to the sternocleidomastoid muscle. It has three borders; anterior, posterior and inferior borders. The anterior border is the posterior margin of the sternocleidomastoid muscle. The posterior border is the anterior margin of the trapezius muscle, while the inferior border is the middle one-third of the clavicle. The investing layer of deep cervical fascia and integument forms the roof of the space, while the floor is covered with the prevertebral fascia along with levator scapulae, splenius capitis and the scalene muscles. The inferior belly of omohyoid subdivides the posterior triangle into a small supraclavicular, and a large occipital, triangle.
      Contents:
      Vessels: the third part of the subclavian artery, suprascapular and transverse cervical branches of the thyrocervical trunk, external jugular vein, lymph nodes
      Nerves: accessory nerve (CN XI), the trunks of the brachial plexus, fibers of the cervical plexus
      Of the muscles listed in the options, only the anterior scalene is situated within the posterior triangle of the neck.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      42
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - A 26-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle accident that results in an...

    Correct

    • A 26-year-old man is involved in a motorcycle accident that results in an open fracture of his tibia and fibula. The nerve that innervates peroneus tertius is damaged as a consequence of his injuries.
      Peroneus tertius receives its innervation from which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Deep peroneal nerve

      Explanation:

      Peroneus brevis is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.
      Peroneus longus is innervated by the superficial peroneal nerve.
      Peroneus tertius is innervated by the deep peroneal nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      33.6
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - A patent has weakness of humeral flexion and extension. A CT scan reveals...

    Correct

    • A patent has weakness of humeral flexion and extension. A CT scan reveals that he has suffered damage to the nerve that innervates pectoralis major.
      Pectoralis major receives its innervation from which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Lateral and medial pectoral nerves

      Explanation:

      Pectoralis major is a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated in the chest. It makes up the bulk of the chest musculature in the male and lies underneath the breast in the female. It overlies the thinner pectoralis minor muscle.
      Superficial muscles of the chest and arm showing pectoralis major (from Gray’s Anatomy)
      Pectoralis major has two heads; the clavicular head and the sternocostal head. The clavicular head originates from the anterior border and medial half of the clavicle. The sternocostal head originates from the anterior surface of the sternum, the superior six costal cartilages and the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle. It inserts into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus.
      Pectoralis major receives dual innervation from the medial pectoral nerve and the lateral pectoral nerve.
      Its main actions are as follows:
      Flexes humerus (clavicular head)
      Extends humerus (sternocostal head)
      Adducts and medially rotates the humerus
      Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      5111.6
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - Which of the following muscles acts as an extensor of the shoulder joint?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following muscles acts as an extensor of the shoulder joint?

      Your Answer: Coracobrachialis

      Correct Answer: Teres major

      Explanation:

      The glenohumeral joint possesses the capability of allowing an extreme range of motion in multiple planes.

      Flexion – Defined as bringing the upper limb anterior in the sagittal plane. The usual range of motion is 180 degrees. The main flexors of the shoulder are the anterior deltoid, coracobrachialis, and pectoralis major. Biceps brachii also weakly assists in this action.

      Extension—Defined as bringing the upper limb posterior in a sagittal plane. The normal range of motion is 45 to 60 degrees. The main extensors of the shoulder are the posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, and teres major.

      Internal rotation—Defined as rotation toward the midline along a vertical axis. The normal range of motion is 70 to 90 degrees. The internal rotation muscles are the subscapularis, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and the anterior aspect of the deltoid.

      External rotation – Defined as rotation away from the midline along a vertical axis. The normal range of motion is 90 degrees. Primarily infraspinatus and teres minor are responsible for the motion.

      Adduction – Defined as bringing the upper limb towards the midline in the coronal plane. Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, and teres major are the muscles primarily responsible for shoulder adduction.

      Abduction – Defined as bringing the upper limb away from the midline in the coronal plane. The normal range of motion is 150 degrees. Due to the ability to differentiate several pathologies by the range of motion of the glenohumeral joint in this plane of motion, it is essential to understand how different muscles contribute to this action.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      112
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - A tumour is discovered behind the pectinate line during an examination of a...

    Incorrect

    • A tumour is discovered behind the pectinate line during an examination of a 72-year-old patient with rectal bleeding. Which of the following is the lymphatic drainage of the pectinate line?

      Your Answer: Internal iliac nodes

      Correct Answer: Superficial inguinal nodes

      Explanation:

      The pectinate line is known as the watershed line because it divides the anal canal into two sections. Below the pectinate line, lymphatic drainage drains to the superficial inguinal lymph nodes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      97.5
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - A 27 year old woman presents to ED having sustained a deep laceration...

    Correct

    • A 27 year old woman presents to ED having sustained a deep laceration to the dorsum of her ring finger whilst cooking. Her proximal interphalangeal joint is fixed in flexion and the distal interphalangeal joint is hyperextended. Which of the following structures in the digit has most likely beenĀ injured:

      Your Answer: Insertion of the central slip of the extensor tendon

      Explanation:

      Damage to the central slipĀ of the extensor digitorum tendon would result inĀ loss of extension at the proximal interphalangeal joint resulting in a fixed flexion deformity of this joint, and hyperextension of the distal interphalangeal joint due to a loss of balancing forces. This is called the Boutonniere deformity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      161.8
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - A 23-year-old student presents with a fever and sore throat. Upon physical examination,...

    Incorrect

    • A 23-year-old student presents with a fever and sore throat. Upon physical examination, it was observed that he had bilaterally enlarged tonsils that are covered in large amounts of exudate. A diagnosis of tonsillitis was made.

      The lymph from the tonsils will drain to which of the following nodes?

      Your Answer: Submental lymph nodes

      Correct Answer: Deep cervical lymph nodes

      Explanation:

      The tonsils are collections of lymphatic tissue located within the pharynx. They collectively form a ringed arrangement, known as Waldeyer’s ring: pharyngeal tonsil, 2 tubal tonsils, 2 palatine tonsils, and the lingual tonsil.

      Lymphatic fluid from the lingual tonsil drains into the jugulodigastric and deep cervical lymph nodes.

      Lymphatic fluid from the pharyngeal tonsil drains into the retropharyngeal nodes (which empty into the deep cervical chain), and directly into deep cervical nodes within the parapharyngeal space.

      The retropharyngeal and the deep cervical lymph nodes drain the tubal tonsils.

      The palatine tonsils drain to the jugulodigastric node, a node of the deep cervical lymph nodes, located inferior to the angle of the mandible.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      116.2
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - A patient presents with an adducted eye at rest which cannot abduct past...

    Correct

    • A patient presents with an adducted eye at rest which cannot abduct past the midline, which of the following cranial nerves is most likely to be affected:

      Your Answer: Abducens nerve

      Explanation:

      Abducens nerve palsies result in a convergent squint at rest (eye turned inwards) with inability to abduct the eye because of unopposed action of the rectus medialis. The patient complains of horizontal diplopia when looking towards the affected side. With complete paralysis, the eye cannot abduct past the midline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Cranial Nerve Lesions
      69.5
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - A patient is referred to the Medicine Department for complaints of unilateral hearing...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is referred to the Medicine Department for complaints of unilateral hearing loss, tinnitus and facial numbness. Upon further investigation, an acoustic neuroma is given as the final diagnosis.

      Which of the following nerves is least likely to be affected in acoustic neuroma?

      Your Answer: Vestibulocochlear nerve

      Correct Answer: Trochlear nerve

      Explanation:

      Acoustic neuroma is also called vestibular schwannoma (VS), acoustic neuroma, vestibular neuroma or acoustic neurofibroma. These are tumours that evolve from the Schwann cell sheath and can be either intracranial or extra-axial. They usually occur adjacent to the cochlear and vestibular nerves and most often arise from the inferior division of the latter. Anatomically, acoustic neuroma tends to occupy the cerebellopontine angle. About 5-10% of cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumours are meningiomas and may occur elsewhere in the brain. Bilateral acoustic neuromas tend to be exclusively found in individuals with type 2 neurofibromatosis.

      The following nerves may be affected due to nerve compression:

      Facial nerve: usually minimal with late presentation except for very large tumours. Depending on the degree of engagement of the nerve, the symptoms may include twitching, increased lacrimation and facial weakness.

      Trigeminal Nerve: paraesthesia in the trigeminal distribution, tingling of the tongue, impairment of the corneal reflex, and less commonly pain which may mimic typical trigeminal neuralgia.

      Glossopharyngeal and Vagus nerves: palatal paresis, hoarseness of voice and dysphagia

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      38
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - What type of visual field defect are you most likely to see in...

    Incorrect

    • What type of visual field defect are you most likely to see in a lesion of the parietal optic radiation:

      Your Answer: Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

      Correct Answer: Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia

      Explanation:

      A lesion of the parietal optic radiation will result in a contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia.
      A lesion of the temporal optic radiation will result in a contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      94.4
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - A 30-year old male is taken to the emergency room after suffering a...

    Incorrect

    • A 30-year old male is taken to the emergency room after suffering a blunt trauma to the abdomen. He is complaining of severe abdominal pain, however all his other vital signs remain stable. A FAST scan is performed to assess for hemoperitoneum.

      If hemoperitoneum is present, it is most likely to be observed in which of the following areas?

      Your Answer: Spleen

      Correct Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      The Focused Assessment with Sonography in Trauma (FAST) is an ultrasound protocol developed to assess for hemoperitoneum and hemopericardium. Numerous studies have demonstrated sensitivities between 85% to 96% and specificities exceeding 98%.

      The FAST exam evaluates four regions for pathologic fluid: (1) the right upper quadrant, (2) the subxiphoid (or subcostal) view, (3) the left upper quadrant, and (4) the suprapubic region.

      The right upper quadrant (RUQ) visualizes the hepatorenal recess, also known as Morrison’s pouch, the right paracolic gutter, the hepato-diaphragmatic area, and the caudal edge of the left liver lobe. The probe is positioned in the sagittal orientation along the patient’s flank at the level of the 8 to 11 rib spaces. The hand is placed against the bed to ensure visualization of the retroperitoneal kidney. The RUQ view is the most likely to detect free fluid with an overall sensitivity of 66%. Recent retrospective evidence suggests the area along the caudal edge of the left lobe of the liver has the highest sensitivity, exceeding 93%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen And Pelvis
      • Anatomy
      382.9
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - You note that the prostate of a 60-year-old patient is enlarged during the...

    Incorrect

    • You note that the prostate of a 60-year-old patient is enlarged during the examination. You suspect BPH. Anatomically, the prostate has four main lobes. Which of the lobes is affected by benign prostatic hypertrophy?

      Your Answer: Posterior lobe

      Correct Answer: Median lobe

      Explanation:

      Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also known as benign prostatic hypertrophy, is characterized by an enlarged prostate gland.

      The prostate is divided into four major lobes. The median lobe is the most commonly affected by benign prostatic enlargement, resulting in urethral obstruction and urine symptoms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      182.2
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - Which of the following nerves provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior surface of...

    Correct

    • Which of the following nerves provides cutaneous innervation to the posterior surface of the scrotum?

      Your Answer: Branch of the perineal nerve

      Explanation:

      The following nerves provide cutaneous innervation to the scrotum, and other anatomic structures:

      The perineal nerve supplies the muscles in the urogenital triangle, and the skin on the posterior surface of the scrotum (or labia majora).

      The genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve supplies the cremaster muscle, the skin over the anterior surface of the thigh, and the anterolateral surface of the scrotum.

      The ilioinguinal nerve supplies the external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis, skin of the upper medial aspect of thigh, the root of the penis and the anterior surface of the scrotum in the male, and the mons pubis and labia majora in the female.

      The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh, or posterior femoral cutaneous nerve, supplies the skin over the lower medial quadrant of the buttock, the inferior skin of the scrotum or labium majus, and the back of the thigh and the upper part of the leg.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen And Pelvis
      • Anatomy
      33.5
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - A 21-year-old student presents to the minors area of your Emergency Department with...

    Correct

    • A 21-year-old student presents to the minors area of your Emergency Department with a laceration on his external nose that occurred during sparring in a kickboxing class. The area is bleeding profusely and will require suturing. Pressure is being applied. The laceration extends through some of the nasal muscles.
      Motor innervation of the nasal muscles of facial expression is provided by which of the following ? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Facial nerve

      Explanation:

      The facial nerve (the labyrinthine segment) is the seventh cranial nerve, or simply CN VII. It emerges from the pons of the brainstem, controls the muscles of facial expression, and functions in the conveyance of taste sensations from the anterior two-thirds of the tongue.
      Motor innervation of the nasal muscles of facial expression is provided by the facial nerve (CN VII).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      115
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - Which of the following movements does the iliacus muscle produce? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following movements does the iliacus muscle produce?

      Your Answer: Medial rotation of the thigh at the hip joint

      Correct Answer: Flexion of the thigh at the hip joint

      Explanation:

      The iliacus flexes the thigh at the hip joint when the trunk is stabilised. It flexes the trunk against gravity when the body is supine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      287.4
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - A 43-year old male is taken to the Emergency Room for a lacerated...

    Incorrect

    • A 43-year old male is taken to the Emergency Room for a lacerated wound on the abdomen, situated above the umbilicus. A short segment of the small bowel has herniated through the wound.

      Which of these anatomic structures is the most superficial structure injured in the case above?

      Your Answer: Scarpa’s fascia

      Correct Answer: Camper’s fascia

      Explanation:

      The following structures are the layers of the anterior abdominal wall from the most superficial to the deepest layer:

      Skin
      Fatty layer of the superficial fascia (Camper’s fascia)
      Membranous layer of the superficial fascia (Scarpa’s fascia)
      Aponeurosis of the external and internal oblique muscles
      Rectus abdominis muscle
      Aponeurosis of the internal oblique and transversus abdominis
      Fascia transversalis
      Extraperitoneal fat
      Parietal peritoneum

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen And Pelvis
      • Anatomy
      180.8
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - A patient suffers an injury to the nerve that innervates piriformis.
    The piriformis muscle...

    Incorrect

    • A patient suffers an injury to the nerve that innervates piriformis.
      The piriformis muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: Sciatic nerve

      Correct Answer: Nerve to piriformis

      Explanation:

      Piriformis is innervated by the nerve to piriformis, which is a direct branch from the sacral plexus (S1 and S2).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      95.1
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - Injury to which nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the brachialis...

    Correct

    • Injury to which nerve can lead to weakness or paralysis of the brachialis muscle?

      Your Answer: The musculocutaneous nerve

      Explanation:

      The brachialis muscle is a prime flexor of the forearm at the elbow joint. It is fusiform in shape and located in the anterior (flexor) compartment of the arm, deep to the biceps brachii. The brachialis is a broad muscle, with its broadest part located in the middle rather than at either of its extremities. It is sometimes divided into two parts, and may fuse with the fibres of the biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, or pronator teres muscles. It also functions to form part of the floor of the cubital fossa.

      The brachialis is primarily supplied by the musculocutaneous nerve (C5, C6). In addition, a small lateral portion of the muscle is innervated by the radial nerve (C7).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      26.9
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - A 43-year-old woman presented to the emergency room after an incident of slipping...

    Correct

    • A 43-year-old woman presented to the emergency room after an incident of slipping and falling onto her back and left hip. Upon physical examination, it was noted that she has pain on hip abduction, but normal hip extension.

      Which of the following muscles was most likely injured in this case?

      Your Answer: Gluteus medius

      Explanation:

      The primary hip extensors are the gluteus maximus and the hamstrings such as the long head of the biceps femoris, the semitendinosus, and the semimembranosus. The extensor head of the adductor magnus is also considered a primary hip extensor.

      The hip abductor muscle group is located on the lateral thigh. The primary hip abductor muscles include the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, and tensor fasciae latae.
      The secondary hip abductors include the piriformis, sartorius, and superior fibres of the gluteus maximus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      1232.6
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - An elderly man presents with bilateral lower facial swelling around the mandible and...

    Incorrect

    • An elderly man presents with bilateral lower facial swelling around the mandible and upper neck. A CT scan of his neck was performed and the results were conclusive with Ludwig's angina.

      Which of the following spaces is most likely affected based on the case presented?

      Your Answer: Canine space

      Correct Answer: Submandibular space

      Explanation:

      Ludwig’s angina is life-threatening cellulitis of the soft tissue involving the floor of the mouth and neck. It involves three compartments of the floor of the mouth: the sublingual, submental, and submandibular.

      Ludwig’s angina usually originates as a dental infection of the second or third mandibular molars. The infection begins in the subgingival pocket and spreads to the musculature of the floor of the mouth. It progresses below the mylohyoid line, indicating that it has moved to the sublingual space. As the roots of the second and third mandibular molars lie below this line, infection of these teeth will predispose to Ludwig’s angina. The infection spreads lingually rather than buccally because the lingual aspect of the tooth socket is thinner. It initially spreads to the sublingual space and progresses to the submandibular space.

      The disease is usually polymicrobial, involving oral flora, both aerobes, and anaerobes. The most common organisms are Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Peptostreptococcus, Fusobacterium, Bacteroides, and Actinomyces.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      331.2
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - Which of the following statements is correct with regards to Horner's syndrome? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is correct with regards to Horner's syndrome?

      Your Answer: Ptosis occurs due to paralysis of the levator palpebrae superioris muscle.

      Correct Answer: Miosis occurs due to paralysis of the dilator pupillae muscle.

      Explanation:

      The characteristics of Horner’s syndrome are pupil constriction, partial ptosis and anhidrosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      1048.9
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect:

      Your Answer: Muscle weakness

      Correct Answer: Peptic ulcer disease

      Explanation:

      Adverse Effects of lithium Include

      Leucocytosis (most patients)
      Polyuria/polydipsia (30-50%)
      Dry mouth (20-50%)
      Hand tremor (45% initially, 10% after 1 year of treatment)
      Confusion (40%)
      Decreased memory (40%)
      Headache (40%)
      Muscle weakness (30% initially, 1% after 1 year of treatment)
      Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (20-30%)
      Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (10-30% initially, 1-10% after 1-2 years of treatment)
      Hyperreflexia (15%)
      Muscle twitch (15%)
      Vertigo (15%)
      Extrapyramidal symptoms, goitre (5%)
      Hypothyroidism (1-4%)
      Acne (1%)
      Hair thinning (1%)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      30
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - Given a patient with dislocation of the patella, which muscle is the most...

    Incorrect

    • Given a patient with dislocation of the patella, which muscle is the most important to address during rehabilitation to prevent recurrent dislocation?

      Your Answer: Rectus femoris

      Correct Answer: Vastus medialis

      Explanation:

      Patellar dislocation is a disabling musculoskeletal disorder which predominantly affects younger people who are engaged in multidirectional physically active pursuits. Conservative (non-operative) treatment is the treatment of choice for FTPD (first time patellar dislocation). Quadriceps strengthening exercises are considered one of the principal management aims for people following FTPD. A United Kingdom (UK) survey of physiotherapy practice has shown that quadriceps strengthening and specific-vastus medialis obliquus (VMO) or distal vastus medialis (VM) muscle strengthening or recruitment exercises were two of the most frequently used interventions for this population. Specific VM exercises are favoured in some quarters based on the assumption that the VM has an important role in preventing excessive lateral patellar translation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Lower Limb
      26.9
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - A patient sustains an injury to the proximal median nerve after falling through...

    Incorrect

    • A patient sustains an injury to the proximal median nerve after falling through a glass door. Which of the following muscles would you not expect to be affected:

      Your Answer: Flexor pollicis longus

      Correct Answer: Flexor carpi ulnaris

      Explanation:

      All of the muscles in the anterior forearm are innervated by the median nerve, except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      134.7
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - Following a road traffic collision, a patient sustains damage to the long thoracic...

    Correct

    • Following a road traffic collision, a patient sustains damage to the long thoracic nerve. Which of the following clinical findings would you most expect to see on examination:

      Your Answer: Winged scapula deformity

      Explanation:

      Damage to the long thoracic nerve results in weakness/paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. Loss of function of this muscle causes the medial border, and particularly the inferior angle, of the scapula to elevate away from the thoracic wall, resulting in the characteristic ‘winging’ of the scapula. This deformity becomes more pronounced if the patient presses the upper limb against a wall. Furthermore, normal elevation of the arm is no longer possible.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      31.5
      Seconds
  • Question 28 - The least likely feature expected to be seen in a lesion of the...

    Incorrect

    • The least likely feature expected to be seen in a lesion of the frontal lobe is which of the following?

      Your Answer: Expressive dysphasia

      Correct Answer: Loss of two-point discrimination

      Explanation:

      Lesions in different areas give rise to different symptoms.
      Lesions of the parietal lobe give rise to loss of two-point discrimination.
      Lesions to Broca’s area give rise to expressive dysphasia results from damage
      Lesions to the primary motor cortex give rise to contralateral weakness of the face and arm.
      Lesions to the prefrontal cortex give rise to personality change.
      Lesions to the frontal eye field give rise to conjugate eye deviation towards side of lesion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      57.5
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - A patient suffered from a chest injury while working out in the gym....

    Incorrect

    • A patient suffered from a chest injury while working out in the gym. As a consequence of his injury, his pectoralis minor muscle was damaged.

      Which of the following statements regarding the pectoralis minor muscle is considered correct?

      Your Answer: It overlies pectoralis major

      Correct Answer: It stabilises the scapula

      Explanation:

      The pectoralis minor, in comparison to the pectoralis major, is much thinner and triangular in shape and resides below the major. It originates from the margins of the third to fifth ribs adjacent to the costochondral junction. The fibres consequently pass upward and laterally to insert into the medial border and superior surface of the coracoid process. It is crucial in the stabilization of the scapula by pulling it downward and anteriorly against the thoracic wall.

      Arterial supply to the pectoralis minor also derives from the pectoral branch of the thoracoacromial trunk. Nerve supply of the pectoralis minor is a function of the lateral pectoral nerve and the medial pectoral nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      26.8
      Seconds
  • Question 30 - What type of visual field defect are you likely to see in a...

    Correct

    • What type of visual field defect are you likely to see in a lesion of the visual cortex:

      Your Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

      Explanation:

      A lesionĀ of theĀ visual cortex will result in a contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      76.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Anatomy (12/29) 41%
Lower Limb (3/5) 60%
Abdomen (1/4) 25%
Head And Neck (1/5) 20%
Upper Limb (4/7) 57%
Cranial Nerve Lesions (1/1) 100%
Central Nervous System (1/5) 20%
Abdomen And Pelvis (1/3) 33%
Pharmacology (0/1) 0%
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