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  • Question 1 - The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers? ...

    Incorrect

    • The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers?

      Your Answer: Purkinje, stellate, basket

      Correct Answer: Granular, purkinje, molecular

      Explanation:

      The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers; the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following receptors are found in the liver? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following receptors are found in the liver?

      Your Answer: Just β

      Correct Answer: α1, β2

      Explanation:

      Liver consists of the sympathetic Alpha 1 and beta 2 receptors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      31.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain following which environmental conditions?

      Your Answer: Suprachiasmatic nucleus, darkness

      Correct Answer: Pineal gland, darkness

      Explanation:

      Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland located in the midline attached to the posterior roof of the third ventricle in the brain. Melatonin affects circadian rhythm in the body or the sleep wake cycle. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin and the rate limiting enzyme that converts serotonin to melatonin is low during the day time and reaches its peak during the night.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Visual pathways - Choose the true statement: ...

    Correct

    • Visual pathways - Choose the true statement:

      Your Answer: The lateral geniculate nucleus, magnocellular & parvocellular pathways project to the primary visual cortex

      Explanation:

      The optic chiasm is made by the decussation of optic fibers on the nasal side. The magnocellular pathway carries signals for detection of movement. The parvocellular pathway carries cells for detection of shape, size, colour and clarity. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the relay centre in the thalamus for he visual pathway. It has layers of magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells that are interleaved with layers of koniocellular cells. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      33
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of the following tracts are involved in the control of vital functions?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following tracts are involved in the control of vital functions?

      Your Answer: Tectospinal

      Correct Answer: Reticulospinal

      Explanation:

      Reticulospinal tract pass down from the reticular formation of the mid brain, pons and medulla. It descends in the lateral white column. Both sets of fibers enter the anterior grey column and may facilitate or inhibit the gamma and alpha neurons. By this means the reticulospinal tract controls voluntary and reflex activities. It also contains the descending autonomic fiber, thus providing a pathway for the hypothalamus to control the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      18.2
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply?

      Your Answer: Radial muscle of iris

      Explanation:

      The sphincter pupillae is supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The dilator pupillae (radial muscle) is supplied by the postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The parasympathetic nerve supply to the salivary glands originate in the parasympathetic nucleus of the facial nerve (superior salivatory nucleus) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (inferior salivatory nucleus). The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and descend into the thorax in the vagus nerve. The fibers terminate by synapsing with postganglionic neurons in the cardiac plexuses. Postganglionic fibers terminate on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and on the coronary arteries Parasympathetic supply to the stomach is via the vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      29.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?...

    Incorrect

    • Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?

      Your Answer: Right upper quadrantanopia

      Correct Answer: Right homonymous hemianopia

      Explanation:

      Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract. Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve. Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion. Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area. Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      108
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which statement is incorrect regarding nociceptor C fibers… ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is incorrect regarding nociceptor C fibers…

      Your Answer: They conduct at low rates (0.5-2 m/s)

      Correct Answer: They are thinly myelinated

      Explanation:

      Group C nerve fibers are unmyelinated and have a small diameter, which means they conduct impulses at a low velocity. They carry sensory information and nociception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      33.7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?...

    Incorrect

    • In the basal ganglia, the Lentiform nucleus is formed by which two nuclei?

      Your Answer: Globus pallidus and subthalamus

      Correct Answer: Putamen and Globus pallidus

      Explanation:

      The Basal Ganglia are composed of the following structures: Caudate, putamen, Globus pallidus, subthalamic nucleus and substantia nigra.

      The Lentiform nucleus is a biconvex structure located within the basal ganglia of the brain. It is composed of two nuclei:

      1. Putamen: This is the outer part of the Lentiform nucleus and is involved in regulating movements and various types of learning.
      2. Globus pallidus: This is the inner part of the Lentiform nucleus and is divided into two segments: the external segment (GPe) and the internal segment (GPi). It plays a key role in the regulation of voluntary movement.

      These two structures together form the Lentiform nucleus, which is an integral part of the basal ganglia system involved in motor control.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      58
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Sequence of events in formation of speech are: ...

    Incorrect

    • Sequence of events in formation of speech are:

      Your Answer: Wernicke’s area---insula---arcuate fasciculus---broca’s area---motor cortex---speech

      Correct Answer: Wernicke’s area---arcuate fasciculus---broca’s area---insula---motor cortex---speech

      Explanation:

      Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language. Firstly, the language is accessed in the Wernicke’s area and these words are sent via the arcuate fasciculus to the Broca’s area, where instructions for articulation is generated. This is then sent from Broca’s are to the motor cortex for the articulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      21.5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption,...

    Correct

    • In a 60kg adult male with normal mean arterial pressure and oxygen consumption, what proportion of the cardiac output at rest goes to the brain?

      Your Answer: 10-15%

      Explanation:

      The rate of cerebral blood flow in the adult is typically 750 millilitres per minute, which is 10-15% of the cardiac output. On average around 13.9% of cardiac output is distributed to the brain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      48.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The hippocampus is involved in the memory of: ...

    Incorrect

    • The hippocampus is involved in the memory of:

      Your Answer: Procedures

      Correct Answer: Facts

      Explanation:

      The hippocampus plays an important role in forming new memories about experienced events. Some researchers say that hippocampus plays a major role in declarative memory for example memory of facts.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      33.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The motor speech area (Brocas Area) is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The motor speech area (Brocas Area) is:

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: Brodmann area 44

      Explanation:

      A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      34.9
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which one of the following nerve fibers is involved in proprioception? ...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following nerve fibers is involved in proprioception?

      Your Answer: An α fiber

      Explanation:

      Proprioception, also known as kinaesthesia, is the sense through which humans perceive their own position and movements. α nerve fibers are specifically involved in transmitting proprioception stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which neurotransmitter is made from hydroxylation and decarboxylation of tryptophan?

      Your Answer: Acetylcholine

      Correct Answer: Serotonin

      Explanation:

      Serotonin is synthesized from the essential amino acid tryptophan. The rate-limiting step is the conversion of the amino acid to 5-hydroxytryptophan by tryptophan hydroxylase. This is then converted to serotonin by the aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps? ...

    Correct

    • Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps?

      Your Answer: C7

      Explanation:

      Of the nerve fibers that make up the brachial plexus, C7 mainly forms the radial nerve to innervate the triceps muscle, thus innervating the shoulders, elbow, wrist and hand. C7 is responsible for the triceps reflex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      23.8
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes? ...

    Correct

    • What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes?

      Your Answer: Central sulcus

      Explanation:

      The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. It contains the motor cells for the movement function of the body.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      44.9
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:...

    Incorrect

    • The nucleus tractus solitaries is medullary nucleus that processes the following inputs except:

      Your Answer: Afferent impulses from the carotid baro- and chemoreceptors

      Correct Answer: Sensory input from the semi-circular canal (CN VIII)

      Explanation:

      Located in the brain stem is a series of purely sensory nuclei known as tractus solitaries. Inputs of the nucleus tractus solitaries include:Taste information from the facial nerve (anterior 2/3 of the tongue), glossopharyngeal nerve (posterior 1/3) and vagus nerve (small area on the epiglottis).Sensory information from the ear (auricular branch of the vagus nerve).Chemoreceptors and mechanoreceptors of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) in the carotid body via glossopharyngeal nerve, aortic bodies, and the sinoatrial node, via the vagus nerve.Chemically and mechanically sensitive neurons of the general visceral afferent pathway (GVA) with endings located in the heart, lungs, airways, gastrointestinal system, pharynx, and liver via the glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      16.2
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following associations is false? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following associations is false?

      Your Answer: Olfactory nerve – foramina in cribriform plate of ethmoid bone

      Correct Answer: Mandibular nerve – foramen lacerum

      Explanation:

      – The olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate- The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen rotundum- The facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen- The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through the foramen ovale- The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      27.1
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by? ...

    Incorrect

    • Myelin sheath in the CNS is produced by?

      Your Answer: Schwann cells

      Correct Answer: Oligodendrocytes

      Explanation:

      CNS myelin is produced by special cells called oligodendrocytes. PNS myelin is produced by Schwann cells. The two types of myelin are chemically different, but they both perform the same function — to promote efficient transmission of a nerve impulse along the axon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      119.6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - In Argyll Robertson pupils… ...

    Incorrect

    • In Argyll Robertson pupils…

      Your Answer: It may occur in CNS syphilis

      Correct Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Argyll Robertson pupils are bilaterally small pupils that accommodate or reduce in size near an object but do not react to light. They do not constrict when exposed to bright light. They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis but may be seen in diabetic neuropathy as well.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      16.1
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?

      Your Answer: Α1

      Correct Answer: Α2

      Explanation:

      The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      48.4
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division? ...

    Correct

    • Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division?

      Your Answer: Noradrenalin

      Explanation:

      Noradrenalin Is the neurotransmitter that is released from the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division. It is stored in granules at the sympathetic knobs. It Is a methyl derivative.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      45.4
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas: ...

    Correct

    • Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas:

      Your Answer: Hippocampus and striatum

      Explanation:

      In humans, neurogenesis or new neurons are continually born during adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the striatum. In other species of mammals, adult-born neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb. In humans, however, few if any olfactory bulb neurons are generated after birth.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres. ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.

      Your Answer: Frontal lobe : primary visual cortex

      Correct Answer: Parietal lobe : primary somatosensory cortex

      Explanation:

      Parietal lobe: The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe. It is responsible for processing sensory information from the body.

      Frontal lobe: The primary motor cortex is located in the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe. The frontal lobe also contains the premotor cortex, which is involved in planning movements. The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe, not the frontal lobe.

      Temporal lobe: The primary auditory cortex is located in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe. The primary motor and premotor cortices are located in the frontal lobe, not the temporal lobe.

      Occipital lobe: The primary visual cortex is located in the occipital lobe. The primary auditory cortex is located in the temporal lobe, not the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      15.5
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter? ...

    Incorrect

    • The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter?

      Your Answer: Glutamine

      Correct Answer: GABA

      Explanation:

      Medium spiny neurons are inhibitory neurons which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions. These cells represent 95% of neurones within the human striatum found in basal ganglia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      22.7
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?

      Your Answer: Aqueous humor

      Correct Answer: Vitreous humor

      Explanation:

      The eye ball contains an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. The anterior cavity once again is divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor whereas the posterior cavity contains vitreous humor.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Corticospinal tracts are located in the ___ of the white matter. ...

    Incorrect

    • Corticospinal tracts are located in the ___ of the white matter.

      Your Answer: Anterior and posterior funiculi

      Correct Answer: Anterior and lateral funiculi

      Explanation:

      The corticospinal tract is a descending or a motor tract which projects nerve fibers from the cortex of the cerebrum down to different levels of the spinal cord. The descending corticospinal tract descends from the origin, through the corona radiata, posterior half of the lateral ventricle, and enters the midbrain through the cerebral peduncle. In the medulla they form the medullary pyramids on either side of midline as lateral and anterior fibers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The spinothalamic tracts are particularly concerned with: ...

    Correct

    • The spinothalamic tracts are particularly concerned with:

      Your Answer: Pain and temperature sensations

      Explanation:

      The spinothalamic tracts are part of the anterolateral system in the spinal cord and are responsible for transmitting sensory information related to pain, temperature, and crude touch from the peripheral nervous system to the thalamus in the brain. This sensory information is then relayed to the cerebral cortex for processing. The spinothalamic tracts are divided into two main pathways:

      1. Lateral spinothalamic tract: Transmits pain and temperature sensations.
      2. Anterior spinothalamic tract: Transmits crude touch and pressure sensations.

      Control of posture: The reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts are primarily involved in the control of posture and balance. These tracts originate in the brainstem and help maintain posture by influencing the motor neurons that control axial and proximal muscles.

      Voluntary skilled movements: The corticospinal tracts (also known as the pyramidal tracts) are responsible for voluntary skilled movements. These tracts originate in the motor cortex and descend through the brainstem and spinal cord to synapse on motor neurons that control fine motor movements, especially of the distal limbs.

      Muscular tone: Muscular tone is primarily regulated by several tracts, including the reticulospinal and vestibulospinal tracts. Additionally, the rubrospinal tract (originating from the red nucleus in the midbrain) also contributes to motor control and muscle tone, particularly of the upper limbs.

      Visual input: The optic tracts and pathways (including the optic nerve, optic chiasm, optic tract, lateral geniculate nucleus, and optic radiations) are responsible for transmitting visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex in the occipital lobe. This pathway processes visual input, including aspects such as color, motion, and depth perception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Visceral afferent fibers are found in the following areas except the…? ...

    Incorrect

    • Visceral afferent fibers are found in the following areas except the…?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Trigeminal nerve

      Explanation:

      The general visceral afferent (GVA) fibers carry impulses from viscera to the central nervous system. The cranial nerves that contain GVA fibers include the facial nerve, the glossopharyngeal nerve and the vagus nerve

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (28/29) 97%
Neurology (28/29) 97%
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