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  • Question 1 - Which is the primary lymphoid organ? ...

    Correct

    • Which is the primary lymphoid organ?

      Your Answer: Thymus

      Explanation:

      Lymphoid organs consist of lymph nodes, the thymus, spleen and tonsils. The thymus is the primary lymphoid organ as it is the organ in which the T cells mature.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2.9
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Arachidonic acid is converted to: ...

    Correct

    • Arachidonic acid is converted to:

      Your Answer: Prostaglandin H2

      Explanation:

      The enzymes cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 (i.e. prostaglandin G/H synthase 1 and 2 {PTGS1 and PTGS2}) metabolize arachidonic acid to Prostaglandin G2 and prostaglandin H2.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.8
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following cells are attracted to the surface of endothelium by...

    Correct

    • Which of the following cells are attracted to the surface of endothelium by selectins?

      Your Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Selectins are expressed on the surface of the endothelium. P selectins are released from weibel-palade bodies and E selectins are induced by cytokines (TNF and IL-1). They bind to receptors on the neutrophils called saiyl lewis X.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains: ...

    Incorrect

    • The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains:

      Your Answer: Cl

      Correct Answer: Zn and Cu

      Explanation:

      The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains zinc and copper

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins? ...

    Incorrect

    • Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins?

      Your Answer: Monocytes

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils are phagocytic and they are directed against helminths. Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and contain histamine and vasoactive granules in their cytoplasm. Mast cells are similar to basophils. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in the tissue, secret interleukins and are phagocytic. Neutrophils are phagocytic but are also responsible for secreting defensins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Cell mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cell mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process? ...

    Incorrect

    • Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Apoptosis

      Explanation:

      The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism or apoptosis. It is part of the innate immune system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce...

    Incorrect

    • The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to an infected area is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Chemotaxis

      Explanation:

      During an inflammatory process many cytokines are produced that act as chemokines to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation. These include bacterial products, IL-8, C5a and LTB4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: IgG, IgM & complement

      Explanation:

      In type II hypersensitivity the antibodies, IgG and IgM bind to antigens to form complexes that activate the classical pathway of complement to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active...

    Incorrect

    • What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active B lymphocyte proliferation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Germinal centre

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - HLA class III genes encode for ...

    Incorrect

    • HLA class III genes encode for

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Complement

      Explanation:

      HLAs corresponding to MHC class III encode components of the complement system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Are essential for immediate type-hypersensitivity reactions

      Explanation:

      Anaphylaxis is a severe immediate allergic reaction of rapid onset affecting many body systems. It is due to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines from mast cells and basophils. Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.5 to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They can perform phagocytosis (cell eating), produce histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which cells are considered the source of IL-3? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which cells are considered the source of IL-3?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: T lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      IL-3 stimulates haematopoiesis and is secreted mainly from the T lymphocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is ...

    Incorrect

    • The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding of specific antigens to cell fixed IgE molecules?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Basophils

      Explanation:

      Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of vasoactive histamine in their cytosol. Both of them express IgE receptors on their cell surface and upon binding with a specific antigen they release their cytokines including histamine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?...

    Incorrect

    • Which immunological cells are predominant in the lymph node (almost 98 % residence)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      Lymph nodes are a lymphoid organ mostly consisting of lymphocytes: B cells in the cortex from where they mature and proliferate and T cells in the paracortex. The medulla is also composed of lymphocytes and macrophages.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Humoral immunity is a major defence against: ...

    Incorrect

    • Humoral immunity is a major defence against:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Viral infections

      Explanation:

      Humoral immunity is provided by the neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies that are formed from the B lymphocytes. This form of immunity is most important in viral infection. Non-neutralizing antibodies increases phagocytosis of the infected cell and inhibit the ability of the virus to replicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following substances is involved in the respiratory burst by the...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following substances is involved in the respiratory burst by the neutrophil?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: NADPh oxidase

      Explanation:

      The respiratory burst is a rapid release of reactive oxygen species (ROS) from neutrophils and other phagocytes. This process is crucial for the destruction of pathogens. The key components and enzymes involved in the respiratory burst include:

      1. NADPH oxidase: This enzyme complex plays a central role in the respiratory burst by converting oxygen (O2) into superoxide anion (O2•-), a reactive oxygen species. This is the initial step in the production of various ROS.
      2. Superoxide dismutase (SOD): This enzyme converts superoxide anion (O2•-) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). While SOD is involved in the pathway, the respiratory burst is initiated by NADPH oxidase.
      3. Myeloperoxidase (MPO): This enzyme uses hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce hypochlorous acid (HOCl) from chloride ions (Cl-), which is a potent antimicrobial agent. Myeloperoxidase also produces other reactive species using halide ions.
      4. Catalase: This enzyme degrades hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) into water (H2O) and oxygen (O2). While catalase helps to protect the cell from oxidative damage by breaking down H2O2, it is not involved in the generation of ROS during the respiratory burst.
      5. Adenylate cyclase: This enzyme is involved in the production of cyclic AMP (cAMP) from ATP and is not directly related to the respiratory burst.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Cells mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cells mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Natural killer cells have features of both innate and adaptive immunity. They play an important part in defence against tumours and viruses. They are non specific and do not generate immunological memory

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune...

    Incorrect

    • Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, by activating naïve T lymphocytes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Dendritic cells

      Explanation:

      Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells. They express class II MHC and T cell co-stimulatory molecules. They bind antigens and present them to native T cells and in the process activate the specific T cell against that antigen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Immunology (5/5) 100%
Medicine (5/5) 100%
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