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  • Question 1 - Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells produce the immunoglobulin proteins involved in mediating humoral immunity?

      Your Answer: Differentiated forms of B lymphocytes known as plasma cells

      Explanation:

      After the B cells have been activated by a certain antigens, they transform into plasma cells. These plasma cells are responsible for the generation of antibodies (or immunoglobulins Ig) which are also known as regulators of humoral immunity. There are fives classes of Ig: IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE and IgD

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What is the function of the acute phase protein, C-reactive protein? ...

    Correct

    • What is the function of the acute phase protein, C-reactive protein?

      Your Answer: Opsonises bacteria

      Explanation:

      There are various immune reactions that become activated once the barrier between the body and environment has been compromised. There are certain opsonins that bind to the bacteria and facilitate phagocytosis. One of them is the acute phase protein: C protein. others include antibodies and complement.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Where does control of self-reactive T cells (self-tolerance) initially occur? ...

    Correct

    • Where does control of self-reactive T cells (self-tolerance) initially occur?

      Your Answer: Thymus

      Explanation:

      The thymus provides an inductive environment for development of T cells from hematopoietic progenitor cells. In addition, thymic stromal cells allow for the selection of a functional and self-tolerant T cell repertoire. Therefore, one of the most important roles of the thymus is the induction of central tolerance.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - What is the function of cytotoxic T cells? ...

    Correct

    • What is the function of cytotoxic T cells?

      Your Answer: Kill by inserting perforins and by initiating apoptosis

      Explanation:

      Cytotoxic T cells, once activated, approach the infected cell, insert perforins and release granzymes inducing apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Humoral immunity is a major defence against: ...

    Correct

    • Humoral immunity is a major defence against:

      Your Answer: Viral infections

      Explanation:

      Humoral immunity is provided by the neutralizing and non-neutralizing antibodies that are formed from the B lymphocytes. This form of immunity is most important in viral infection. Non-neutralizing antibodies increases phagocytosis of the infected cell and inhibit the ability of the virus to replicate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins? ...

    Correct

    • Amongst the following cells, which is responsible for the secretion of defensins?

      Your Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils are phagocytic and they are directed against helminths. Basophils are involved in allergic reactions and contain histamine and vasoactive granules in their cytoplasm. Mast cells are similar to basophils. Monocytes differentiate into macrophages in the tissue, secret interleukins and are phagocytic. Neutrophils are phagocytic but are also responsible for secreting defensins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      22.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:...

    Correct

    • Which of the following features do mast cells and basophils have in common:

      Your Answer: Are essential for immediate type-hypersensitivity reactions

      Explanation:

      Anaphylaxis is a severe immediate allergic reaction of rapid onset affecting many body systems. It is due to the release of inflammatory mediators and cytokines from mast cells and basophils. Basophils are the least common of the granulocytes, representing about 0.5 to 1% of circulating white blood cells. However, they are the largest type of granulocyte. They are responsible for inflammatory reactions during immune response, as well as in the formation of acute and chronic allergic diseases, including anaphylaxis, asthma, atopic dermatitis and hay fever. They can perform phagocytosis (cell eating), produce histamine and serotonin that induce inflammation, and heparin that prevents blood clotting. Mast cells are similar in appearance and function. Both cell types store histamine, a chemical that is secreted by the cells when stimulated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      28.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active...

    Correct

    • What is the name of the area that indicates the site of active B lymphocyte proliferation?

      Your Answer: Germinal centre

      Explanation:

      The cortex of the lymph node consists of the lymphoid nodules and sinusoids and posses a germinal centre from which B cells proliferate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells? ...

    Correct

    • Where in the body would you find Kupffer cells?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Kupffer cells are hepatic macrophages. They are responsible for 80% of the phagocytic activity in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process? ...

    Correct

    • Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process?

      Your Answer: Apoptosis

      Explanation:

      The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism or apoptosis. It is part of the innate immune system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      8.1
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains: ...

    Correct

    • The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains:

      Your Answer: Zn and Cu

      Explanation:

      The cytoplasmic form of superoxide dismutase [SOD] contains zinc and copper

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:...

    Correct

    • The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:

      Your Answer: Paracortex

      Explanation:

      Paracortex is found between the cortex and the medulla and it is composed of a non-nodular type of arrangement that is mostly made up of T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which cells are considered the source of IL-3? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells are considered the source of IL-3?

      Your Answer: T lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      IL-3 stimulates haematopoiesis and is secreted mainly from the T lymphocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize: ...

    Incorrect

    • In both innate and humoral immunity, receptors involved recognize:

      Your Answer: The shape and the size of the antigen

      Correct Answer: The shape of the antigen

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by:

      Your Answer: IgE and mast cells

      Correct Answer: IgG, IgM & complement

      Explanation:

      In type II hypersensitivity the antibodies, IgG and IgM bind to antigens to form complexes that activate the classical pathway of complement to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Cell mediating innate immunity include: ...

    Correct

    • Cell mediating innate immunity include:

      Your Answer: Natural killer cells

      Explanation:

      Antigen receptors recognize the shape of the antigen. They identify specific epitopes and are found on T cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by: ...

    Correct

    • Neutrophils are attracted to an infected area by:

      Your Answer: Chemokines

      Explanation:

      The major role of chemokines is to act as a chemoattractant to guide the migration of cells like neutrophils to the site of infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding...

    Correct

    • Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding of specific antigens to cell fixed IgE molecules?

      Your Answer: Basophils

      Explanation:

      Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of vasoactive histamine in their cytosol. Both of them express IgE receptors on their cell surface and upon binding with a specific antigen they release their cytokines including histamine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary...

    Correct

    • Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary and secondary granules involved in killing and digesting microorganisms. With regard to defensins, they are:

      Your Answer: Naturally occurring cysteine-rich antibacterial and antifungal polypeptides

      Explanation:

      Cationic antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocidins, provide important initial defences against invading microbes. These peptides bind the bacterial membrane and form pores, killing the bacterium by hypo-osmotic lysis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      67.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is ...

    Correct

    • The immunoglobulin found in the highest concentration in humans is

      Your Answer: IgG

      Explanation:

      Representing approximately 75% of serum antibodies in humans, IgG is the most common type of antibody found in the circulation. IgG molecules are created and released by plasma B cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following acute phase reactants increases the most dramatically in the...

    Correct

    • Which of the following acute phase reactants increases the most dramatically in the first hour following injury?

      Your Answer: C-reactive protein

      Explanation:

      Measurement of acute-phase proteins, especially C-reactive protein, is a useful marker of inflammation. It correlates with the erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR), however not always directly. This is due to the ESR being largely dependent on elevation of fibrinogen, an acute phase reactant with a half-life of approximately one week. This protein will therefore remain higher for longer despite removal of the inflammatory stimuli. In contrast, C-reactive protein (with a half-life of 6-8 hours) rises rapidly and can quickly return to within the normal range if treatment is employed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      16.8
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Eosinophils provide immunity against ...

    Correct

    • Eosinophils provide immunity against

      Your Answer: Multi cellular parasites

      Explanation:

      Eosinophils, are a variety of white blood cells and one of the immune system components responsible for combating multicellular parasites and certain infections in vertebrates.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce...

    Correct

    • The process whereby bacterial products interact with plasma factors and cells to produce agents that attract neutrophils to an infected area is called:

      Your Answer: Chemotaxis

      Explanation:

      During an inflammatory process many cytokines are produced that act as chemokines to attract neutrophils to the site of inflammation. These include bacterial products, IL-8, C5a and LTB4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Immunology (21/23) 91%
Medicine (21/23) 91%
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