00
Correct
00
Incorrect
00 : 00 : 0 00
Session Time
00 : 00
Average Question Time ( Secs)
Retry this test Dashboard

  • Question 1 - Which of the following occurs primarily to produce passive expiration: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following occurs primarily to produce passive expiration:

      Your Answer: Relaxation of diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

      Explanation:

      Passive expiration is produced primarily by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) and the elastic recoil of the lungs. In expiration, depression of the sternal ends of the ribs (‘pump handle’ movement), depression of the lateral shafts of the ribs (‘bucket handle’ movement) and elevation of the diaphragm result in a reduction of the thorax in an anteroposterior, transverse and vertical direction respectively. This results in a decreased intrathoracic volume and increased intrathoracic pressure and thus air is forced out of the lungs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      18.1
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - A 36-year-old man presented to the emergency room with a two-week history of...

    Correct

    • A 36-year-old man presented to the emergency room with a two-week history of shortness of breath, fevers, and malaise. A chest X-ray was ordered and the results confirmed the diagnosis of a right middle lobe pneumonia.

      Which of the following structures of the heart lies closest to the consolidation?

      Your Answer: Right atrium

      Explanation:

      In its typical anatomical orientation, the heart has 5 surfaces formed by different internal divisions of the heart:

      Anterior (or sternocostal) – Right ventricle
      Posterior (or base) – Left atrium
      Inferior (or diaphragmatic) – Left and right ventricles
      Right pulmonary – Right atrium
      Left pulmonary – Left ventricle

      The silhouette sign of Felson is with respect to the right middle lobe. The right heart border should have a distinct appearance due to the right atrium abutting aerated right middle lobe. The consolidation in the right middle lobe has resulted in loss of this silhouette.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following muscles are primarily involved in passive inspiration: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following muscles are primarily involved in passive inspiration:

      Your Answer: Diaphragm and external intercostal muscles

      Explanation:

      Passive inspiration is produced by contraction of the diaphragm (depressing the diaphragm) and the external intercostal muscles (elevating the ribs). In inspiration, elevation of the sternal ends of the ribs (‘pump handle’ movement), elevation of the lateral shafts of the ribs (‘bucket handle’ movement) and depression of the diaphragm result in expansion of the thorax in an anteroposterior, transverse and vertical direction respectively. This results in an increased intrathoracic volume and decreased intrathoracic pressure and thus air is drawn into the lungs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which coronary artery is mostly likely affected if an ECG shows a tombstone...

    Correct

    • Which coronary artery is mostly likely affected if an ECG shows a tombstone pattern in leads V2, V3 and V4?

      Your Answer: Left anterior descending artery

      Explanation:

      Tombstoning ST elevation myocardial infarction can be described as a STEMI characterized by tombstoning ST-segment elevation. This myocardial infarction is associated with extensive myocardial damage, reduced left ventricle function, serious hospital complications and poor prognosis. Tombstoning ECG pattern is a notion beyond morphological difference and is associated with more serious clinical results.

      Studies have shown that tombstoning is more commonly found in anterior than non-anterior STEMI, thus, higher rates of left anterior descending artery disease are observed in patients with tombstoning pattern.

      The following ECG leads determine the location and vessels involved in myocardial infarction:

      ECG Leads Location Vessel involved
      V1-V2 Septal wall Left anterior descending
      V3-V4 Anterior wall Left anterior descending
      V5-V6 Lateral wall Left circumflex artery
      II, III, aVF Inferior wall Right coronary artery (80%) or Left circumflex artery (20%)
      I, aVL High lateral wall Left circumflex artery
      V1, V4R Right ventricle Right coronary artery
      V7-V9 Posterior wall Right coronary artery

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - At rest, the left dome of the diaphragm normally reaches as high as...

    Correct

    • At rest, the left dome of the diaphragm normally reaches as high as which of the following:

      Your Answer: Fifth intercostal space

      Explanation:

      At rest the right dome of the diaphragm lies slightly higher than the left; this is thought to be due to the position of the liver. In normal expiration, the normal upper limits of the superior margins are the fifth rib for the right dome, the fifth intercostal space for the left dome and the xiphoid process for the central tendon.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      7.1
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - A 40-year-old woman presents with retrosternal central chest pain that she has been...

    Correct

    • A 40-year-old woman presents with retrosternal central chest pain that she has been complaining about for the past two days. Upon deep inspiration and while lying flat, the pain worsens but relieved by sitting forwards. The pain radiates to both of her shoulders. The result of her ECG shows widespread concave ST-elevation and PR depression. A diagnosis of pericarditis is suspected.

      Which of the following nerves is responsible for the pattern of her pain?

      Your Answer: Phrenic nerve

      Explanation:

      Pericarditis is inflammation of the pericardial sac and is the most common pathologic process involving the pericardium. Frequently, pericardial inflammation can be accompanied by increased fluid accumulation within the pericardial sac forming a pericardial effusion, which may be serous, hemorrhagic or purulent depending on aetiology.

      The classic presentation is with chest pain that is central, severe, pleuritic (worse on deep inspiration) and positional (improved by sitting up and leaning forward). The pain may also be radiating and may involve the ridges of the trapezius muscle if the phrenic nerve is inflamed as it traverses the pericardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Regarding the lung roots, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the lung roots, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Generally the pulmonary arteries lie superior to the pulmonary veins in the lung root.

      Explanation:

      Each lung root contains a pulmonary artery, two pulmonary veins, a main bronchus, bronchial vessels, nerves and lymphatics. Generally the pulmonary artery is superior in the lung root, the pulmonary veins are inferior and the bronchi are somewhat posterior in position. The vagus nerves pass posterior to the lung roots while the phrenic nerves pass anterior to them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      27.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - All of the following typically occurs as part of normal inspiration except: ...

    Correct

    • All of the following typically occurs as part of normal inspiration except:

      Your Answer: Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles

      Explanation:

      Passive inspiration is a result of contraction of the diaphragm (depressing the diaphragm) and the external intercostal muscles (elevating the ribs).
      In inspiration, several movements occur. These are:
      1. elevation of the sternal ends of the ribs (‘pump handle’ movement),
      2. elevation of the lateral shafts of the ribs (‘bucket handle’ movement)
      3. depression of the diaphragm.
      These result in expansion of the thorax in an anteroposterior, transverse and vertical direction respectively. There is an increased intrathoracic volume and decreased intrathoracic pressure and air is drawn into the lungs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      7.1
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which anatomical structure is divided following an emergency department anterolateral thoracotomy? ...

    Correct

    • Which anatomical structure is divided following an emergency department anterolateral thoracotomy?

      Your Answer: Latissimus dorsi

      Explanation:

      Thoracotomy describes an incision made in the chest wall to access the contents of the thoracic cavity. Thoracotomies typically can be divided into two categories; anterolateral thoracotomies and posterolateral thoracotomies. These can be further subdivided into supra-mammary and infra-mammary and, of course, further divided into the right or left chest. Each type of incision has its utility given certain circumstances.

      A scalpel is used to sharply divide the skin along the inframammary crease overlying the fifth rib. Electrocautery is then used to divide the pectoralis major muscle and serratus anterior muscle. Visualization of the proper operative field can be achieved with the division and retraction of the latissimus dorsi. Either the fourth or fifth intercostal space is then entered after the division of intercostal muscles above the rib to ensure the preservation of the neurovascular bundle. Once the patient is properly secured to the operating table, the ipsilateral arm is raised and positioned anteriorly and cephalad to rest above the head. The incision is started along the inframammary crease and extended posterolaterally below the tip of the scapula. It is then extended superiorly between the spine and the edge of the scapula, a short distance. The trapezius muscle and the subcutaneous tissues are divided with electrocautery. The serratus anterior and latissimus dorsi muscles are identified and can be retracted. The intercostal muscles are then divided along the superior border of the ribs, and the thoracic cavity is accessed.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - All of the following typically occurs as part of normal passive expiration except:...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following typically occurs as part of normal passive expiration except:

      Your Answer: Relaxation of the external intercostal muscles

      Correct Answer: Contraction of the internal intercostal muscles

      Explanation:

      Passive expiration is produced primarily by relaxation of the inspiratory muscles (diaphragm and external intercostal muscles) in addition to the elastic recoil of the lungs.
      In expiration, several movements occur. There are:
      1. depression of the sternal ends of the ribs (‘pump handle’ movement),
      2. depression of the lateral shafts of the ribs (‘bucket handle’ movement) and
      3. elevation of the diaphragm.
      These result in a reduction of the thorax in an anteroposterior, transverse and vertical direction respectively. There is then a decreased intrathoracic volume and increased intrathoracic pressure and air is forced out of the lungs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      11.2
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Anatomy (9/10) 90%
Thorax (9/10) 90%
Passmed
Retry this test Dashboard