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  • Question 1 - ADH causes? ...

    Correct

    • ADH causes?

      Your Answer: Increased permeability of the collecting ducts to water

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin (ADH) has three main effects:1. Increasing the water permeability of distal convoluted tubule and collecting duct cells in the kidney, thus allowing water reabsorption and excretion of more concentrated urine.2. Increasing permeability of the inner medullary portion of the collecting duct to urea by regulating the cell surface expression of urea transporters.3. Acute increase of sodium absorption across the ascending loop of Henle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      10.2
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?

      Your Answer: (HCO3 + Cl) – (Na + K)

      Correct Answer: (Na + K) – (HCO3 + Cl)

      Explanation:

      The anion gap is the difference between the measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference in the serum is often calculated in medicine when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis. Anion Gap = ([Na+] + [K+]) − ([Cl−] + [HCO−3])

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer: Hyponatraemia

      Correct Answer: Angiotensin 2

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water?

      Your Answer: Descending limb of Henle

      Correct Answer: Ascending limb of Henle

      Explanation:

      Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The descending limb is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. Unlike the descending limb, the thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the counter current exchange mechanism employed by the loop.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a...

    Incorrect

    • Using the Cockcroft-Gault formula, what will the estimated creatinine clearance be of a 55 year old male who weighs 75kg and has a serum creatinine of 150mg/dL?

      Your Answer: 0.44ml/min

      Correct Answer: 0.59ml/min

      Explanation:

      A commonly used surrogate marker for estimate of creatinine clearance is the Cockcroft-Gault (CG) formula, which in turn estimates GFR in ml/min:CCr = [(140-age) x Mass(kg)]/[72 x serum creatinine (mg/dL)](multiply by 0.85 for women)Therefore CCr = (85 x 75)/(72 x 150) = 0.59

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the: ...

    Correct

    • The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the:

      Your Answer: Papillary tip of the medulla

      Explanation:

      The medullary interstitium is the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. This hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Incorrect

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer: Efferent arteriolar cells

      Correct Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - What is the most important determinant of ECF volume? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most important determinant of ECF volume?

      Your Answer: The amount of sodium in the ECF

      Explanation:

      The volume of the ECF is determined primarily by the total amount of osmotically active solute in the ECF. The composition of the ECF is discussed in Chapter 1. Because Na+ and Cl− are by far the most abundant osmotically active solutes in ECF, and because changes in Cl− are to a great extent secondary to changes in Na+, the amount of Na+ in the ECF is the most important determinant of ECF volume.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+? ...

    Incorrect

    • How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+?

      Your Answer: N+/ Bicarbonate pump.

      Correct Answer: Via Na+/H+ antiporter.

      Explanation:

      H+ secretion from cells across the luminal membrane is mostly in exchange for Na+ ions, and to a small extent, through a proton ATPase. Secreted H+ react with filtered HC03- to form H2CO3.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Where is angiotensinogen produced? ...

    Correct

    • Where is angiotensinogen produced?

      Your Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      4.9
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to? ...

    Correct

    • ANP and BNP in the circulation act on the kidney to?

      Your Answer: Increase sodium excretion

      Explanation:

      The physiologic actions of BNP are similar to those of ANP and include decrease in systemic vascular resistance and central venous pressure as well as an increase in natriuresis (sodium excretion). The net effect of these peptides is a decrease in blood pressure due to the decrease in systemic vascular resistance and, thus, afterload.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      47.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed?

      Your Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule.

      Correct Answer: Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle.

      Explanation:

      Although the majority of the filtered magnesium is reabsorbed within the ascending loop of Henle, it is now recognized that the distal tubule also plays an important role in magnesium conservation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed? ...

    Correct

    • Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?

      Your Answer: Proximal tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology. It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide. Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      4.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The ENaC Transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule? ...

    Incorrect

    • The ENaC Transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule?

      Your Answer: Basolateral surface of proximal tubule

      Correct Answer: Collecting duct

      Explanation:

      The epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) is a membrane-bound ion channel that is selectively permeable to Na+ ions. It is involved primarily in the reabsorption of sodium ions at the collecting ducts of the kidney’s nephrons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      4.9
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule? ...

    Incorrect

    • The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule?

      Your Answer: Basolateral surface of thick ascending limb

      Correct Answer: Apical surface of thick ascending limb

      Explanation:

      The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein, NKCC1 and NKCC2. NKCC2 is specifically found in cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the macula densa in nephrons, the basic functional units of the kidney. Within these cells, NKCC2 resides in the apical membrane abutting the nephron’s lumen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…? ...

    Incorrect

    • Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…?

      Your Answer: Primary active transport

      Correct Answer: Secondary active transport

      Explanation:

      Glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient out of the nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      7.1
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels: ...

    Incorrect

    • The position of the kidneys besides the vertebral column retroperitoneally spans levels:

      Your Answer: T11 – L1

      Correct Answer: T12 – L3

      Explanation:

      The asymmetry within the abdominal cavity, caused by the position of the liver, typically results in the right kidney being slightly lower and smaller than the left, and being placed slightly more to the middle than the left kidney. The left kidney is approximately at the vertebral level T12 to L3, and the right is slightly lower.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are: ...

    Correct

    • In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are:

      Your Answer: Proteins-, HCO3-, Cl-,

      Explanation:

      Anions are negatively charged ions and include: chloride Cl-, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulphate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions. Chloride it the most abundant anion followed by bicarbonate and then protein anions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to...

    Incorrect

    • An important enzyme in renal tissue responsible for the conversion of glutamine to glutamate and the subsequent production of NH4 is called?

      Your Answer: Glutamine reductase

      Correct Answer: Glutaminase

      Explanation:

      Glutaminase catalyses the following reaction:Glutamine + H2O → Glutamate + NH3

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      9.4
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the...

    Incorrect

    • In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the different compartments mentioned (intracellular, interstitial, vascular) are:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 28l, 14l, 3.5l

      Explanation:

      In a 70kg male, approximately 60% (42 L) of the total body weight is composed of water divided proportionally in the following compartments:Intracellular fluid (ICF) – Around 67% (28 L) of total body water.Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Approximately 33% (14 L) of the total body fluid. The fluid in the intravascular compartment is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Medicine (7/19) 37%
Renal (7/19) 37%
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