-
Question 1
Correct
-
Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?
Your Answer: Pretibial myxoedema
Explanation:Pretibial myxoedema is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) and very occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Hypothyroidism typically presents with symptoms such as dry skin, brittle hair, and thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows. While skin conditions like dryness and hair changes are common in hypothyroidism due to reduced metabolic activity, acne is also not typically associated with it.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 2
Correct
-
The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by follicles resembling which human gland?
Your Answer: Thyroid
Explanation:The cells located between the two main pituitary lobes form what is known as the intermediate pituitary. This area secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone and it is only a few cell layers thick. It is rich in follicles filled with colloid, and lined by basophilic cells. This configuration resembles that of another important gland: the thyroid.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 3
Correct
-
In which of the following are the enzymatic mechanisms for producing aldosterone found?
Your Answer: Zona glomerulosa
Explanation:The zona glomerulosa is the outermost layer of the adrenal gland. In it, aldosterone is secreted as a response to an increase in potassium levels, decreased blood flow, or renin. This secretion is regulated by the renin-angiotensin system.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 4
Correct
-
Choose the correct statement regarding trabecular bone:
Your Answer: All of the options are correct
Explanation:Trabecular, spongy or cancellous bone. It is located inside the cortical bone and makes up around 20% of all bone in the body. It is made of spicules or plates with a high surface to volume ratio, where many cells sit on the surface of the end plates. It receives its nutrients from the extracellular fluid (ECF), exchanging about 10 mmol of calcium every 24 hours.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 5
Correct
-
Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include all the following except:
Your Answer: Increased expression of β-myosin heavy chain gene
Explanation:Tri-iodothyronine, also known as T3, is a hormone which can affect almost every system in the human body. In the heart, it increases the number of β1-adrenergic receptors, enhances the response to circulating catecholamines, increases the proportion of α-myosin heavy chains in the atria, and increases the expression of serca pump gene.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 6
Correct
-
The main efferent input of the posterior pituitary gland comes from:
Your Answer: Paracrine hormones secreted from the hypothalamus via axons.
Explanation:The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis consists of a collection of axonal projections emerging from the hypothalamus. It releases hormones directly from these axonal endings into circulation; these hormones are oxytocin and vasopressin.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
The febrile response to PGE2 will be impaired with the knockout of which one of the following prostaglandin receptors?
Your Answer: Ep3
Explanation:Prostaglandin EP3 receptor is a receptor for prostaglandin E2. Fever occurs as a result of the action of prostaglandin E2 and requires EP3 receptors in the preoptic area. Therefore, if there is an absence of EP3 receptors, fever caused by prostaglandin E2 will not occur.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 8
Incorrect
-
Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter / channel?
Your Answer: TRPV 5
Correct Answer: TRPV 6
Explanation:Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 or TRPV 6 is a calcium channel located in the cell membrane which is present in a variety of organs, including small intestine, oesophagus, stomach, colon, placenta, kidney, and uterus. In the intestine, it is located in the apical brush-border membrane of the enterocyte, regulating the entry of calcium into the cell.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
Pendrin is a Cl-/I- exchanger whose function is:
Your Answer: Transfer of iodide across the thyrocyte apical membrane into the colloid
Explanation:Pendrin is an anion transporter present in the inner ear, thyroid and kidney. It regulates the entrance of iodide from the thyroid cell to the colloid space. It has been proposed that its role could be the maintenance of the ionic composition of the endolymph.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 10
Incorrect
-
Where is Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) secreted?
Your Answer: Leydig cells
Correct Answer: Sertoli cells
Explanation:Müllerian inhibiting substance, also known as Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) is a glycoprotein hormone which prevents the development of the Müllerian ducts into the uterus. Its production by Sertoli cells continues during childhood in males and decreases after puberty.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 11
Correct
-
Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?
Your Answer: Somatotroph
Explanation:Somatotroph cells are responsible for the production of growth hormone. Somatotrophs occupy nearly 40% of the total surface area of the anterior pituitary, and they are acidophilic in nature.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 12
Correct
-
Which of the following is correctly paired?
Your Answer: F cells : pancreatic polypeptide
Explanation:Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by F-cells, which represent the smallest proportion of islet cells in the pancreas. These cells establish the embryological origin of the pancreas. Pancreatic polypeptide regulates endocrine and exocrine activities by the pancreas.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 13
Incorrect
-
Where is leptin synthesized and secreted?
Your Answer: Yellow adipose tissue
Correct Answer: White adipose tissue
Explanation:Leptin is a hormone that helps regulate food intake and energy expenditure. It is synthetized by white adipose tissue and the gastric mucosa. It works by inhibiting the sensation of hunger, therefore, it opposes the actions of ghrelin, also known as the hunger hormone.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 14
Incorrect
-
Which of the following stimulates glucagon release?
Your Answer: Somatostatin
Correct Answer: Exercise
Explanation:Studies have shown a small increase in glucagon levels during stress tests and exercise. This occurs in response to the reduction of blood glucose levels during physical activity; epinephrine levels are also a stimulus for the release of glucagon during exercise, since it suppresses insulin, which accounts for its stimulatory effects on glucagon. The use of stored fats for energy during exercise also stimulates the release of glucagon.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 15
Correct
-
Where does the pituitary gland lie?
Your Answer: In a pocket of the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain
Explanation:The pituitary lies in a small depression in the sphenoid bone, known as the sella turcica or Turkish saddle.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 16
Correct
-
What is the most important source of heat production in the body?
Your Answer: Skeletal muscle contraction
Explanation:Thermogenesis is the process by which organisms produce heat. Through skeletal muscle contraction, or shivering, ATP is converted into kinetic energy, some of which converts into heat. These muscle contractions produce about 70% of total body heat.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 17
Correct
-
What is the effect of vasopressin on the kidney?
Your Answer: Increase collecting duct permeability to water
Explanation:Vasopressin, also known as antidiuretic hormone or ADH, which increases water reabsorption in the kidney’s collecting ducts. It works by increasing water permeability in the collecting ducts and distal convoluted tubules. It induces the exocytosis of AQP-CD-laden vesicles, transferring water channels from intracellular vesicles to the apical plasma membrane, therefore allowing more water to be reabsorbed from the urine in the collecting ducts to the blood.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 18
Correct
-
Which one of the following will increase an individual’s appetite?
Your Answer: Ghrelin
Explanation:Ghrelin is a hormone which exerts a strong influence on hunger and energy balance. It helps regulate appetite by being secreted when the stomach is empty, to stimulate hunger. When the stomach is filled, its secretion stops.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 19
Correct
-
Which of the following structures lie in close proximity to the thyroid?
Your Answer: All of the options
Explanation:The thyroid gland receives its blood supply from the inferior and superior thyroid arteries. The recurrent laryngeal nerves emerges from the superior thoracic outlet bounded in part by the thyroid lobe. Two pairs of parathyroid glands lie near the thyroid. The common carotid artery splits into its external and internal branches at the upper border of the thyroid cartilage; these branches are separated by the gland.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 20
Correct
-
A 14-year-old girl presents with short stature, webbed neck and primary amenorrhoea.Given the likely clinical diagnosis, which hormone replacement is most crucial over the longer term?
Your Answer: Oestrogen
Explanation:This girl most likely has Turner syndrome (TS) also known as 45,X, a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome. Signs and symptoms vary among those affected. Often, a short and webbed neck, low-set ears, low hairline at the back of the neck, short stature, and swollen hands and feet are seen at birth. Typically, they are without menstrual periods, do not develop breasts, and are unable to have children. Heart defects, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone occur more frequently. Most people with TS have normal intelligence. Many, however, have troubles with spatial visualization such as that needed for mathematics. Vision and hearing problems occur more often. Turner syndrome is not usually inherited from a person’s parents. No environmental risks are known and the mother’s age does not play a role. As a chromosomal condition, there is no cure for Turner syndrome. However, much can be done to minimize the symptoms including prescribing growth hormone, either alone or with a low dose of androgen, and oestrogen replacement therapy which is crucial long term for maintaining good bone integrity, cardiovascular health and tissue health
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 21
Correct
-
Where is thyroglobulin produced?
Your Answer: Thyrocytes
Explanation:Thyroglobulin, or Tg, is a protein that functions as the precursor to thyroid hormones. It is synthesized by thyrocytes and then secreted into the colloid. It also functions as a negative-feedback regulator of thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 22
Correct
-
In terms of relative steroid potency, how much prednisone is equivalent to 100mg hydrocortisone?
Your Answer: 25mg
Explanation:Different corticosteroids have varying degrees of potency. 1 mg of prednisone is equivalent to 4 mg of hydrocortisone. Therefore, 25 mg of prednisone are equivalent to 100 mg of hydrocortisone.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 23
Correct
-
To which of the following plasma proteins is T4 most bound in plasma?
Your Answer: Thyroxine-binding globulin
Explanation:Thyroxine-binding globulin, also known as TBG, is one of the three transport proteins responsible for carrying T4 and T3 through the circulatory system. It carries most of the T4 present in plasma, which it binds to strongly, shielding the hydrophobic hormones from the aqueous surroundings.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 24
Incorrect
-
Which of the following hormones cause negative feedback on the CRH/ACTH axis?
Your Answer: Aldosterone
Correct Answer: Cortisol
Explanation:The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, also known as HPA axis is a set of interactions that regulate the secretion of several hormones through negative feedback. Cortisol, for example, is produced by the adrenal cortex, binds to its receptors in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis and inhibits secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The drop in CRH secretion leads to a decrease in ACTH secretion, which in turn causes less cortisol to be secreted.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 25
Correct
-
Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
Your Answer: Oxytocin and vasopressin
Explanation:The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). These hormones are stored in Herring bodies before being secreted into the bloodstream.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 26
Correct
-
Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide?
Your Answer: ß-endorphin
Explanation:ß-endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide which is mainly synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland, derived from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Some studies have shown that immune system cells are also capable of synthesizing ß-endorphin. β-endorphin is thought to exert a tonic inhibitory influence upon GNRH secretion and to be an important regulator of reproductive function.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 27
Correct
-
Select the correct statement regarding the macro anatomy of the thyroid gland.
Your Answer: It surrounds the trachea at the front of the neck.
Explanation:The thyroid is located around the trachea, in the anterior portion of the neck. It is formed by two lobes which are connected by an isthmus. The presence of a pyramidal lobe, or third lobe, is considered to be a normal anatomical variant. It originates from the primitive pharynx and the neural crest and has a rich vascular supply.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 28
Correct
-
Which of the following is not a feature of Liddle’s syndrome?
Your Answer: Autosomal recessive inheritance
Explanation:Liddle’s syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant condition characterized by early, and frequently severe, high blood pressure associated with low plasma renin activity, metabolic alkalosis, low blood potassium, and normal to low levels of aldosterone. Liddle syndrome involves abnormal kidney function, with excess reabsorption of sodium and loss of potassium from the renal tubule, and is treated with a combination of low sodium diet and potassium-sparing diuretic drugs (e.g., amiloride).
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 29
Correct
-
Which of the following values of bone mineral density measured by DEXA would signify osteopenia?
Your Answer: T score of -2.2
Explanation:DEXA T Scores:Normal T-score ≥ −1.0Osteopenia −2.5 < T-score < −1.0Osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5Severe osteoporosis T-score ≤ −2.5 with fragility fracture
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 30
Correct
-
Select the correct statement about the microanatomy of the thyroid gland.
Your Answer: The capillaries adjacent to thyroid cells have a fenestrated endothelium.
Explanation:Fenestrated capillaries have a very thin endothelium, which is perforated by numerous fenestrations or pores. Hormones are usually released into these capillaries, reaching their target cells through the circulatory system.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
