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  • Question 1 - When during the cell cycle do the centrioles replicate? ...

    Incorrect

    • When during the cell cycle do the centrioles replicate?

      Your Answer: S phase

      Correct Answer: G1 phase

      Explanation:

      During G1 phase the cell will prepare for cell division. All the organelles will start to duplicate in this phase and the cell will begin to grow whilst proteins are also synthesized.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following statements is true regarding chromosomes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding chromosomes?

      Your Answer: Are structures containing one linear molecule of DNA that is wound around histones into small units called nucleosomes, which are further wound up to make the chromosome.

      Correct Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding chromosomes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - With regards to P53, which statement is NOT true? ...

    Incorrect

    • With regards to P53, which statement is NOT true?

      Your Answer: P53 activates many gene expression pathways

      Correct Answer: P53 is a RNA binding protein

      Explanation:

      P53 is a tumour suppressor gene. It is not an RNA binding protein. It has been implicated in almost all tumours. It regulates the progression from G1 to the S phase of the cell cycle and is activated in response to damaged DNA.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The process by which DNA fragments are separated by gel and transferred onto...

    Incorrect

    • The process by which DNA fragments are separated by gel and transferred onto a membrane sheet is called:

      Your Answer: Western blotting

      Correct Answer: Southern blotting

      Explanation:

      A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The other forms of blotting involve the use of RNA and proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become completely condensed into well-defined...

    Incorrect

    • In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become completely condensed into well-defined chromosomes?

      Your Answer: Prometaphase

      Correct Answer: Metaphase

      Explanation:

      Prophase begins when the nucleus envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes start to condense. The chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids that are joined at a constriction known as centromere. When the cell reaches the metaphase the chromosomes are completely condensed and ready to align on the equatorial plate

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following is not true regarding mitochondrial chromosome disorders? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is not true regarding mitochondrial chromosome disorders?

      Your Answer: Mitochondrial chromosome defects are inherited from one’s mother

      Correct Answer: Because mitochondrial chromosomes have no introns in their genes, any point mutation has a low likelihood of having an effect.

      Explanation:

      Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) does indeed lack introns, meaning that its genes are closely packed with coding sequences. This actually means that any point mutation in the mtDNA is more likely to have an effect, not less. The lack of introns means there are fewer non-coding regions where mutations can occur without affecting gene function. Thus, mutations in mtDNA often have significant consequences because they are more likely to alter essential coding sequences.

      The other statements are true:

      • Most mitochondrial diseases are myopathies and neuropathies with a maternal pattern of inheritance: This is correct because mtDNA is inherited maternally, and many mitochondrial disorders affect muscle and nerve function.
      • Retinal degeneration, diabetes mellitus, and some forms of hearing loss are some of the other diseases attributed to mitochondrial chromosome defects: These are indeed conditions associated with mitochondrial defects.
      • Mitochondrial chromosome defects are inherited from one’s mother: This is correct, as mtDNA is passed from mother to offspring.
      • Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON), the commonest cause of blindness in young men, is an example of a mitochondrial chromosome defect: This is true; LHON is a well-known mitochondrial disorder.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - When one of the two copies of the autosomes has a mutation and...

    Incorrect

    • When one of the two copies of the autosomes has a mutation and the protein produced by the normal form of the gene cannot compensate. The affected individual has an:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Autosomal dominant disorder

      Explanation:

      An autosomal dominant trait will be expressed no matter the consequence. If one chromosome has a mutation the other will not be able to compensate for the mutation hence the protein formed will be mutated and will not function properly.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Southern Blotting and DNA probes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Southern Blotting and DNA probes:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Explanation:

      A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The other forms of blotting involve the use of RNA and proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur? ...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase of the cell cycle does DNA synthesis occur?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: S

      Explanation:

      DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. In the G1 phase the cell prepares to divide. In G2 the cellular organelles divide and in the M phase mitosis occur. In the G0 phase the cell becomes quiescent and does not divide further

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which statement is correct regarding mRNA? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is correct regarding mRNA?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: mRNAs are mainly found in the nucleus and cytoplasm of a cell.

      Explanation:

      mRNA is transcribed from DNA and is carried to the cytosol to be translated. Hence it is mainly found in the cytosol and the nucleus of a cell. It is single stranded and contains the base uracil instead of thymine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All gene mutations cause clinical disease entities

      Explanation:

      All gene mutations do not cause a clinical manifestation of the disease, some gene mutations are silent mutations. They are present but do not cause any disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which of the following is true for P53: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true for P53:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is induced by ‘broken’ DNA

      Explanation:

      P53 gene is activated as a result of damaged DNA and if that cannot be repaired then it activates apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following statements is true about chromosomes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true about chromosomes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding chromosomes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Normal parents have a child with a recessive condition, Tay Sachs. The chance...

    Incorrect

    • Normal parents have a child with a recessive condition, Tay Sachs. The chance of them having a normal child is?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 75%

      Explanation:

      The chance for normal parents having a child with a recessive disease is 1:4 or 25%. As both the parents are heterozygous for this condition. They have a 3:4 chance of having a normal child or 75%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which...

    Incorrect

    • The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which end of the guanosine rich region.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 3rd end

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that uses the RNA template to synthesize DNA in the 5th-3rd direction resulting in extension of the 3rd end and then translocates it to the newly synthesized end. The GT rich strand is thus elongated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - With regard to X-linked disorders which of the following are true: ...

    Incorrect

    • With regard to X-linked disorders which of the following are true:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: X linked recessive disorders usually present in males and only very rarely present in homozygous females

      Explanation:

      X linked disorders are more common in males as they only need one mutated copy of the X chromosome to manifest the disease with full severity while the females need two X chromosomes to manifest the disease, even with one defected X chromosome the severity is less than that seen in males.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:...

    Incorrect

    • The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The following cells replicate without shortening their telomeres because they express telomerase. ...

    Incorrect

    • The following cells replicate without shortening their telomeres because they express telomerase.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Germ cells

      Explanation:

      Telomerase activity is seen in germ cells and is absent in somatic cells. Telomeres prevent the chromosomes from shortening and prevent the coding portion of the DNA from being lost, thus allowing the cell to replicate indefinitely. During replication telomeres may be lost resulting in cell death.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the structure of DNA?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the structure of DNA?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The two strands of DNA are held together by cysteine bonds.

      Explanation:

      The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds formed between the nucleotide bases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - During which phase are the 2 chromatids pulled apart at the centromere? ...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase are the 2 chromatids pulled apart at the centromere?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Anaphase

      Explanation:

      During the prometaphase the microtubule organizing centre completely develops. The spindle fibers attach to the chromosome and the centriole. It is in the Anaphase however that the spindle fibers contract pulling the sister chromatids apart. Later in the anaphase a cleave furrow beings to forms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - During which stage does the mitotic apparatus dissolute? ...

    Incorrect

    • During which stage does the mitotic apparatus dissolute?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Telophase

      Explanation:

      In telophase the nuclear envelope along with the nucleolus will reappear. The daughter nuclei will enlarge as the chromosome will decondense again. Along with this, cytokinesis will occur. At the end of cytokinesis the daughter centrioles will move from the poles to the intercellular bridge where they will be disassembled and complete the separation of the daughter cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Telomeres are best described as: ...

    Incorrect

    • Telomeres are best described as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a DNA molecule.

      Explanation:

      Telomeres are non-coding DNA consisting of repetitive nucleotide sequences plus proteins that are found at the end of the linear chromosomes. They maintain the integrity of the chromosomes and prevent their shortening.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - In DNA cloning and sequencing, the bases in nucleotides chains are bound together...

    Incorrect

    • In DNA cloning and sequencing, the bases in nucleotides chains are bound together by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hydrogen bonding.

      Explanation:

      Nucleotides will always bind together via hydrogen bonds. There are two hydrogen bonds present between thymine and adenine and three hydrogen bonds present between guanine and cytosine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The length of DNA is generally measured in terms of number of: ...

    Incorrect

    • The length of DNA is generally measured in terms of number of:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Base pairs

      Explanation:

      As DNA is made up of nucleotides, its length is measured by the number of base pairs in the DNA molecules.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Three adjacent nucleotides code for a particular amino acid. These are called codons....

    Incorrect

    • Three adjacent nucleotides code for a particular amino acid. These are called codons. How many common amino acids are there and how many potential codon combinations make up the genetic code?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 20 amino acids, 64 codon combinations

      Explanation:

      There are around 20 amino acids and 61 out of the 64 combinations of codon code for these 20 common amino acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Telomerase is active in all of the following cells, except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Telomerase is active in all of the following cells, except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Certain liver cells

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is an enzyme that adds repetitive nucleotide sequences to the ends of chromosomes (telomeres), preventing their shortening during cell division. Telomerase activity is crucial for cells that divide frequently and need to maintain their telomere length for continued proliferation. These include:

      • Stem cells: They have high telomerase activity to maintain their long-term proliferative capacity.
      • Germ cells: These cells also have active telomerase to ensure the stability of genetic material across generations.
      • Certain white blood cells: Some immune cells, particularly those that need to proliferate in response to infection, show telomerase activity.
      • Certain cancer cells: Many cancer cells reactivate telomerase, which contributes to their uncontrolled growth and immortality.

      However, most somatic cells, including certain liver cells, do not exhibit significant telomerase activity. While some liver cells might show low levels of telomerase activity during regeneration, it is not generally active in normal, differentiated liver cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Regarding Southern Blotting and DNA probes, which answer is FALSE ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Southern Blotting and DNA probes, which answer is FALSE

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: RNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Explanation:

      Restriction enzymes always cut at different positions. There are different restriction endonucleases for different nucleotide sequences.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Consanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance? ...

    Incorrect

    • Consanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Autosomal recessive

      Explanation:

      Consanguinity involves being from the same kinship as another person. It is a common feature of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which of the following are true when it comes to tumour suppressor genes:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are true when it comes to tumour suppressor genes:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the options are true

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding tumour suppressor genes. Tumour suppressor genes generally follow the two-hit hypothesis, which implies that both alleles that code for a particular protein must be affected before an effect is manifested.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is...

    Incorrect

    • The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

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