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Question 1
Incorrect
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Question 2
Correct
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Cold receptors are likely to be active at the following temperatures except?
Your Answer: 39 °C
Explanation:Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is primarily responsible for the detection of temperatures ranging from 8-28 C. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca+ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 3
Correct
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Which one of the following cells originates from a monocyte and resembles a macrophage?
Your Answer: Microglia
Explanation:Microglia act as the macrophages of the central nervous system, and they contribute to innate and adaptive immune responses. Studies have shown that microglial cells recognize monocyte antigens, and there are similarities between them that demonstrate that they originate from these monocytes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 4
Correct
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The Afferent neuron that supplies all sensory elements of the muscle spindle is what type of sensory neuron?
Your Answer: Ia
Explanation:Muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is Type Ia fibers whereas motor supply is gamma motor neurone.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Where are the cell bodies to the preganglionic neurons located?
Your Answer: Intermediolateral column
Correct Answer: Midbrain
Explanation:The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves. These cranial nerves take origin from the midbrain.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 6
Incorrect
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Sequence of events in formation of speech are:
Your Answer: Broca’s area---motor cortex---insula---arcuate fasciculus---Wernicke's area---speech
Correct Answer: Wernicke’s area---arcuate fasciculus---broca’s area---insula---motor cortex---speech
Explanation:Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language. Firstly, the language is accessed in the Wernicke’s area and these words are sent via the arcuate fasciculus to the Broca’s area, where instructions for articulation is generated. This is then sent from Broca’s are to the motor cortex for the articulation.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 7
Incorrect
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Which of the following is not innervated by the parasympathetic nerve supply?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Radial muscle of iris
Explanation:The sphincter pupillae is supplied by the parasympathetic fibers from the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the oculomotor nerve. The dilator pupillae (radial muscle) is supplied by the postganglionic fibers of the superior cervical sympathetic ganglion. The parasympathetic nerve supply to the salivary glands originate in the parasympathetic nucleus of the facial nerve (superior salivatory nucleus) and the glossopharyngeal nerve (inferior salivatory nucleus). The parasympathetic preganglionic fibers originate in the dorsal nucleus of the vagus nerve and descend into the thorax in the vagus nerve. The fibers terminate by synapsing with postganglionic neurons in the cardiac plexuses. Postganglionic fibers terminate on the sinoatrial and atrioventricular nodes and on the coronary arteries Parasympathetic supply to the stomach is via the vagus nerve.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 8
Incorrect
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The premotor cortex is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Brodmann area 6
Explanation:A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary Sensory 3,1,2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 9
Incorrect
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Which neuron secretes glutamate as its neurotransmitter?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: A delta and C pain fibers
Explanation:A delta and C fibers use glutamate as their primary neurotransmitter where it acts as a fast acting localized neurotransmitter.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 10
Incorrect
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The cerebellum consists of which three cell layers?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Granular, purkinje, molecular
Explanation:The cerebellar cortex consist of 3 layers; the molecular layer, the granular cell layer and the Purkinje cell layer in the middle.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 11
Incorrect
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Where are the cell bodies of preganglionic neurons located?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Lateral column
Explanation:The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons are located in the lateral grey column of the spinal cord and in the motor nuclei of the 3rd, 7th, 9th and 10th cranial nerves.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 12
Incorrect
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Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Proprioception/ discriminative touch
Explanation:The posterior grey column (dorsal column) is responsible for carrying the sensation of proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration to the nucleus proprius, situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 13
Incorrect
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The cavernous sinus is?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Lateral to the body of the sphenoid
Explanation:It is a venous sinus which creates a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. There are 2 on either side. It is about 1cm wide and extends from the posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. They sit on either side or lateral to the sphenoid bone.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 14
Incorrect
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Which one of the following neurotransmitters is considered a monoamine?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Dopamine
Explanation:Monoamines are a class of neurotransmitters that include:
- Dopamine: A neurotransmitter involved in reward, motivation, and motor control.
- Norepinephrine: A neurotransmitter involved in arousal, attention, and stress responses.
- Serotonin: Although not listed in the options, it is another key monoamine involved in mood regulation.
The other neurotransmitters listed are not monoamines:
- Acetylcholine: This is a different type of neurotransmitter involved in muscle activation and various brain functions.
- GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid): This is the main inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
- Glutamate: This is the main excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
- Glycine: An inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 15
Incorrect
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The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: mGluR4
Explanation:Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. Umami taste receptors typically respond to Glutamate. Biochemical studies have identified the taste receptors responsible for the sense of umami as modified forms of mGluR4, mGluR1 and taste receptor type 1 (T1R1), all of which have been found in all regions of the tongue bearing taste buds.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 16
Incorrect
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Which of the following tracts are involved in the control of vital functions?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Reticulospinal
Explanation:Reticulospinal tract pass down from the reticular formation of the mid brain, pons and medulla. It descends in the lateral white column. Both sets of fibers enter the anterior grey column and may facilitate or inhibit the gamma and alpha neurons. By this means the reticulospinal tract controls voluntary and reflex activities. It also contains the descending autonomic fiber, thus providing a pathway for the hypothalamus to control the sympathetic and parasympathetic pathways.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 17
Incorrect
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Glucose transport in the brain is mediated by:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: GLUT 1
Explanation:The facilitative glucose transporter mediates the transport of glucose from blood into neurons and glia in the brain. The primary isoforms in the brain are GLUT1 detected at high concentrations.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 18
Incorrect
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The primary sensory cortex is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Brodmann area 3,1,2
Explanation:A Brodmann area in the brain is defined by cytoarchitecture, histology and organization of cells:Primary somatosensory cortex is areas 3,1, and 2Primary Motor 4Premotor 6Primary Visual 17Primary Auditory 41Brocas 44
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 19
Incorrect
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A typical sleep cycle from stage 1 to the end of REM sleep in a normal adult is approximately how long?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 90 min
Explanation:A single sleep cycle has stages 1, 2, 3, 4 and REM (Rapid eye movement). These stages progress cyclically from 1 through to REM and then begin again with stage 1. A complete sleep cycle takes an average of 90-110 minutes, with each stage lasting between 5 to 15 minutes.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 20
Incorrect
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Question 21
Incorrect
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Regarding the innervation of the cerebral blood vessels, postganglionic sympathetic neurons have their cell bodies in the:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Superior cervical ganglia
Explanation:The superior cervical ganglion (SCG) is a part of autonomic system which plays a major role in maintaining homeostasis of the body. This ganglion innervates structures in the head and neck and is the largest and the most superiorly located ganglion. The SCG provides sympathetic innervation to structures within the head, including the pineal gland, the blood vessels in the cranial muscles and the brain, the choroid plexus, the eyes, the lacrimal glands, the carotid body, the salivary glands, and the thyroid gland. The postganglionic axons of the SCG innervate the internal carotid artery and form the internal carotid plexus. The internal carotid plexus carries the postganglionic axons of the SCG to the eye, lacrimal gland, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, and pharynx, and numerous blood-vessels in the head.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 22
Incorrect
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What is found in the posterior cavity of the eye?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Vitreous humor
Explanation:The eye ball contains an anterior cavity and a posterior cavity. The anterior cavity once again is divided into the anterior chamber and posterior chamber. The anterior cavity is filled with aqueous humor whereas the posterior cavity contains vitreous humor.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 23
Incorrect
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The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Explanation:The consensual light reflex occurs when an individual’s right eye is shielded and light shines into the left eye, constriction of the right pupil will occur, as well as the left. This is because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 24
Incorrect
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The inverse stretch reflex causing muscle relaxation when excessive force is applied to a muscle is mediated by which sensory organ?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Golgi tendon organ
Explanation:Both the muscle spindle and Golgi tendon body are proprioceptors. The Golgi tendon reflex is a normal component of the reflex arc of the peripheral nervous system. In a Golgi tendon reflex, skeletal muscle contraction causes the antagonist muscle to simultaneously lengthen and relax. This reflex is also called the inverse myotatic reflex, because it is the inverse of the stretch reflex.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 25
Incorrect
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Question 26
Incorrect
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Visual pathways - Choose the true statement:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: The lateral geniculate nucleus, magnocellular & parvocellular pathways project to the primary visual cortex
Explanation:The optic chiasm is made by the decussation of optic fibers on the nasal side. The magnocellular pathway carries signals for detection of movement. The parvocellular pathway carries cells for detection of shape, size, colour and clarity. The lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) is the relay centre in the thalamus for he visual pathway. It has layers of magnocellular cells and parvocellular cells that are interleaved with layers of koniocellular cells. The LGN is the main central connection for the optic nerve to the occipital lobe, particularly the primary visual cortex.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 27
Incorrect
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What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Astrocyte
Explanation:Astrocytes are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. There are two types; the fibrous type is found in the white matter and the protoplasmic type in the grey matter. They are the most abundant cell type in the CNS.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 28
Incorrect
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Where is the aqueous humor normally reabsorbed?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Canal of schlemm
Explanation:Aqueous humor is a clear protein free fluid secreted by the ciliary body, it travels to the anterior chamber through the pupil and is absorbed through a network of trabeculae into the canal of schlemm
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 29
Incorrect
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Which of the following forms the language areas of the cerebral cortex?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, the submarginal sulcus and the angular gyrus all form the language areas of the cerebral cortex.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 30
Incorrect
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Question 31
Incorrect
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Which substance has the lowest taste threshold concentration, in other words which substance can be present in the lowest concentration before taste buds will respond?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Strychnine hydrochloride (bitter)
Explanation:The lowest concentration of a gustatory stimulus to which the taste buds respond is considered to be the threshold concentration for that substance. The threshold concentration for strychnine is 0.0001 mm; this is because it allows the body to detect potentially dangerous substances (bitter plant components) at lower concentrations.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 32
Incorrect
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The superior orbital fissure is the site of entry/exit for which of the following group of nerves?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: CN III, IV, V1, VI
Explanation:The superior and inferior divisions of oculomotor nerve (III), trochlear nerve (IV), lacrimal, frontal and nasociliary branches of ophthalmic V1 and the abducens nerve (VI)
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 33
Incorrect
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Which of the following runs in the upper part of the falx cerebri?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Superior sagittal sinus
Explanation:Falx cerebri is a sickle cell fold of dura between the two hemispheres. Its posterior part blends with the superior part of the tentorium cerebelli. The superior sagittal sinus runs in its upper fixed margin, the inferior sagittal sinus in the free concave margin and the straight sinus along its attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 34
Incorrect
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Which receptor type is associated with the inhibition of pancreatic endocrine secretion?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Α2
Explanation:The activation of alpha 2-adrenergic receptors in pancreatic beta-cells works by inhibiting the secretion of insulin.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 35
Incorrect
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The pontine tegmentum as part of the midbrain, contains which cranial nerve nuclei?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: CN 5 to 8
Explanation:The pontine tegmentum also known as dorsal pons is located within the brain stem. Several cranial nerve nuclei are located in the pontine tegmentum. The nuclei of CN V, CN VI, CN VII and CNVIII are located in the pontine tegmentum.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 36
Incorrect
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Where do the spinothalamic axons decussate?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Spinal cord
Explanation:The second order neurons from the spinothalamic tract cross obliquely to the opposite side in the anterior grey and white commissure within one segment of the spinal cord.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 37
Incorrect
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What happens first during depolarisation of the membrane potential?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Gated Na channels open allowing the influx of Na
Explanation:Generation of an action potential in response to a stimulus is a result of a previously maintained resting membrane potential (RMP). Generation of resting membrane potential is mediated mainly by potassium ions. Several membrane proteins maintain RMP by transport of ions in and out of cell. Na+/K+ ATPase pump maintains a concentration gradient of Na+ and K+ ions. Na+ concentration in extracellular fluid is higher compared to intracellular fluid and K+ ion concentration is higher intracellularly. Generation of an action potential facilitates opening of Na+ ion channels which allow for Na+ to diffuse inside the cell according to the concentration gradient.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 38
Incorrect
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Regarding the innervation of cerebral blood vessels, which of the following triggers a vasoconstrictor effect?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Neuropeptide-Y
Explanation:Substance P is a potent vasodilator, VIP or vasoactive intestinal peptide has vasodilator properties in the intestines. PHM 27 is a potent calcitonin receptor agonist; endogenous analogue of human VIP. CGRP or Calcitonin Gene-Related Peptide is a vasodilator which is found to play an important role in migraines. Neuropeptide Y is a strong vasoconstrictor.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 39
Incorrect
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Cranial nerves VI, VII, VIII enter/exit the base of the brain at the:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Ponto-medullary junction
Explanation:Cranial nerves III, IV and V exit from the pons, VI, VII, VIII exit from the pontomedullary junction and cranial nerve IX, X, XI, XII exit from the medulla.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 40
Incorrect
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Which one of the following nerve fibers has the fastest conduction velocity?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: α fiber
Explanation:α nerve fibers are characterized by being highly myelinated, which confers them with fast conduction properties. They innervate extrafusal skeletal muscle fibers, and their conduction velocity is between 80-120 m/s.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 41
Incorrect
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Which of the following do not pass through the cavernous sinus?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: CN 2
Explanation:Oculomotor nerve (N3), trochlear nerve (N4), ophthalmic and mandibular divisions of the trigeminal nerve (N5) pass along its lateral border. The abducent nerve (N6) passes through it along with the internal carotid artery.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 42
Incorrect
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Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Axoplasmic flow
Explanation:Transportation of proteins from the cell body to axonal terminals is known as axoplasmic, axonal flow or Axonal transport.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 43
Incorrect
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Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Right homonymous hemianopia
Explanation:Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract. Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve. Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion. Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area. Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 44
Incorrect
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The ependyma fuse with which of the following to from the choroid plexus?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Tela choroidea
Explanation:The choroid plexus produces the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the ventricles of the brain. It consists of modified ependymal cells. Tela choroidea is a region of pia mater of the meninges and underlying ependyma that’s a part of the choroid plexus. It is a very thin layer of the connective tissue of pia mater that overlies and covers the ependyma.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 45
Incorrect
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The brainstem contains which of the following structures?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: The midbrain, pons and medulla
Explanation:Brain stem is the base of the brain that connects the brain to the spinal cord. It consists of the mid brain, pons and medulla oblongata.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 46
Incorrect
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The majority striatal neurons, called medium spiny neurons, utilizes which neurotransmitter?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: GABA
Explanation:Medium spiny neurons are inhibitory neurons which use GABA (gamma-aminobutyric acid) which exerts inhibitory actions. These cells represent 95% of neurones within the human striatum found in basal ganglia.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 47
Incorrect
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The parasympathetic function of the facial nerve is:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Secretion of tears from lacrimal glands, secretion of saliva from the sublingual and submandibular salivary glands.
Explanation:Facial nerve (Cranial Nerve VII) has both sensory and motor components so it is a mixed nerve. It carries axons of:General somatic afferent – to skin and the posterior earGeneral visceral efferent – which innervate sublingual, submandibular and lacrimal glands and the mucosa of the nasal cavity.General visceral afferent – provide sensation to soft palate and parts of the nasal cavity.Special visceral efferent – innervate muscles of facial expression and stapedius, the posterior belly of the digastric and the stylohyoid musclesSpecial visceral afferent – provide taste to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue via chorda tympani.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 48
Incorrect
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The layers of the neocortex from the 1st to the 6th are arranged as follows:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform
Explanation:The layers of neocortex from outermost to innermost include: the molecular, external granular layer, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layer.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 49
Incorrect
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Regarding taste threshold and intensity discrimination:
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: 30% change in concentration of substance tasted is necessary before an intensity difference can be detected
Explanation:The ability of humans to differentiate differences in intensity of taste is poor. A 30% change in the concentration of the substance being tasted is required before an intensity difference is perceived.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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Question 50
Incorrect
-
Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Working memory
Explanation:Synaptic plasticity is an important neurochemical foundation of working memory and generation of memory. Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Medicine
- Neurology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
