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  • Question 1 - You are reviewing a patient following a fall from a horse. You suspect...

    Incorrect

    • You are reviewing a patient following a fall from a horse. You suspect they may have an Erb's palsy as a result of a brachial plexus injury. Regarding Erb's palsy, which one of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Erb's palsy characteristically results in Waiter's tip deformity where the arm is held in lateral rotation.

      Correct Answer: Erb's palsy may result in loss of sensation of the regimental badge area.

      Explanation:

      Erb’s palsy is caused by damage to the C5 and C6 nerve roots and thus primarily involves the musculocutaneous, suprascapular and axillary nerves. It commonly result from an excessive increase in the angle between the neck and the shoulder e.g. a person thrown from a motorbike or horseback or during a difficult birth. There is loss or weakness of abduction, lateral rotation and flexion of the arm and flexion and supination of the forearm and loss of sensation on the lateral arm. A characteristic ‘Waiter’s tip’ deformity may be present where the limb hangs limply by the side, medially rotated by the unopposed action of pectoralis major with the forearm pronated due to paralysis of the biceps brachii.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      24.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - A patient presents with pain in the wrist and a tingling in the...

    Incorrect

    • A patient presents with pain in the wrist and a tingling in the hand. On examination Tinel's test is positive and you diagnose carpal tunnel syndrome. Regarding the carpal tunnel, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: The median nerve lies anterior to the tendons in the carpal tunnel.

      Correct Answer: The tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus, flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor pollicis longus lie within a single synovial sheath.

      Explanation:

      Free movement of the tendons in the carpal tunnel is facilitated by synovial sheaths, which surround the tendons. All of the tendons of the flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and flexor digitorum superficialis (FDS) are contained within a single synovial sheath with a separate sheath enclosing the tendon of the flexor pollicis longus (FPL).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      137.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - A patient with a stab wound to the axilla arrives to the emergency...

    Correct

    • A patient with a stab wound to the axilla arrives to the emergency department. You notice weakness in elbow flexion and forearm supination during your assessment. Which of these nerves has been affected:

      Your Answer: Musculocutaneous nerve

      Explanation:

      The musculocutaneous nerve is relatively protected in the axilla, hence injury to it is uncommon. A stab wound in the axilla is the most prevalent source of damage. Because of the activities of the pectoralis major and deltoid, the brachioradialis, and the supinator muscles, arm flexion and forearm flexion and supination are diminished but not completely lost. Over the lateral part of the forearm, there is a lack of sensation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      25.4
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - A 33-year-old heavily muscled man presents with left-sided chest pain. After taking part...

    Incorrect

    • A 33-year-old heavily muscled man presents with left-sided chest pain. After taking part in a powerlifting competition, he felt a painful snap at the front of his shoulder and chest. There is also the presence of bruising and swelling over the left side of his chest. A ruptured pectoralis major muscle was suspected upon examining the injured area.

      Which of the following statements regarding the surface markings of the pectoralis major muscle is considered correct?

      Your Answer: It has three heads

      Correct Answer: It inserts into the lateral lip of the bicipital groove of the humerus

      Explanation:

      The pectoralis major is the superior most and largest muscle of the anterior chest wall. It is a thick, fan-shaped muscle that lies underneath the breast tissue and forms the anterior wall of the axilla.

      Its origin lies anterior surface of the medial half of the clavicle, the anterior surface of the sternum, the first 7 costal cartilages, the sternal end of the sixth rib, and the aponeurosis of the external oblique of the anterior abdominal wall.
      The insertion of the pectoralis major is at the lateral lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus. There are 2 heads of the pectoralis major, the clavicular and the sternocostal, which reference their area of origin.
      The function of the pectoralis major is 3-fold and dependent on which heads of muscles are involved:
      – Flexion, adduction and medial rotation of the arm at the glenohumeral joint
      – Clavicular head causes flexion of the extended arm
      – Sternoclavicular head causes extension of the flexed arm

      Arterial supply of the pectoralis major, the pectoral artery, arises from the second branch of the axillary artery, the thoracoacromial trunk.

      The 2 heads of the pectoralis major have different nervous supplies. The clavicular head derives its nerve supply from the lateral pectoral nerve. The medial pectoral nerve innervates the sternocostal head. The lateral pectoral nerve arises directly from the lateral cord of the brachial plexus, and the medial pectoral nerve arises from the medial cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      30.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - A 25-year-old man suffers from a shoulder injury that damaged the nerve that...

    Incorrect

    • A 25-year-old man suffers from a shoulder injury that damaged the nerve that innervates the infraspinatus muscle.

      Which of the following nerves may most likely be affected?

      Your Answer: The lower subscapular nerve

      Correct Answer: The suprascapular nerve

      Explanation:

      The suprascapular nerve (C5-C6) innervates the infraspinatus. It originates at the superior trunk of the brachial plexus. It runs laterally across the lateral cervical region to supply the infraspinatus and also the supraspinatus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      20.2
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following movements is controlled by the pectoralis major muscle? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following movements is controlled by the pectoralis major muscle?

      Your Answer: Depression of the shoulder

      Correct Answer: Flexion, adduction and medial rotation of the humerus

      Explanation:

      The pectoralis major is a muscle that runs across the top of the chest and connects to a ridge on the back of the humerus (the bone of the upper arm).

      Adduction, or lowering, of the arm (opposed to the deltoideus muscle) and rotation of the arm forward around the axis of the body are two of its main functions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      27.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following is most likely affected in De Quervain's tenosynovitis? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is most likely affected in De Quervain's tenosynovitis?

      Your Answer: Extensor pollicis longus

      Correct Answer: Extensor pollicis brevis

      Explanation:

      De Quervain tenosynovitis is named after the Swiss surgeon, Fritz de Quervain, who first described it in 1895. It is a condition which involves tendon entrapment affecting the first dorsal compartment of the wrist. With this condition thickening of the tendon sheaths around the abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis develops where the tendons pass in through the fibro-osseous tunnel located along the radial styloid at the distal wrist. Pain is exacerbated by thumb movement and radial and ulnar deviation of the wrist.

      The estimated prevalence of de Quervain tenosynovitis is about 0.5% in men and 1.3% in women with peak prevalence among those in their forties and fifties. It may be seen more commonly in individuals with a history of medial or lateral epicondylitis. Bilateral involvement is often reported in new mothers or child care providers in whom spontaneous resolution typically occurs once lifting of the child is less frequent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      26.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - A 30-year old male is brought to the emergency room after a terrible...

    Incorrect

    • A 30-year old male is brought to the emergency room after a terrible fall during a photoshoot. The patient reported falling on his right forearm. There is evident swelling and tenderness on the affected area, with notable weakness of the flexor pollicis longus muscle. Radiographic imaging showed a fracture on the midshaft of the right radius.

      Which of the following nerves is most likely injured in the case above?

      Your Answer: The radial nerve

      Correct Answer: The anterior interosseous nerve

      Explanation:

      Flexor pollicis longus receives nervous supply from the anterior interosseous branch of median nerve, derived from spinal roots C7 and C8.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      22
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - A 24-year-old waiter cuts his hand on a dropped plate that smashed and...

    Correct

    • A 24-year-old waiter cuts his hand on a dropped plate that smashed and damages the nerve that innervates opponens digiti minimi.
      The opponens digiti minimi muscle is innervated by which of the following nerves? Select ONE answer only.

      Your Answer: The deep branch of the ulnar nerve

      Explanation:

      Opponens digiti minimi is a triangular-shaped muscle in the hand that forms part of the hypothenar eminence. It originates from the hook of the hamate bone and the flexor retinaculum and inserts into the medial border of the 5thmetacarpal.
      Opponens digiti minimi is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve and receives its blood supply from the ulnar artery.
      Opponens digiti minimi draws the fifth metacarpal bone anteriorly and rotates it, bringing the fifth digiti into opposition with the thumb.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      34
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Following a road traffic collision, a patient sustains damage to the long thoracic...

    Correct

    • Following a road traffic collision, a patient sustains damage to the long thoracic nerve. Which of the following clinical findings would you most expect to see on examination:

      Your Answer: Winged scapula deformity

      Explanation:

      Damage to the long thoracic nerve results in weakness/paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle. Loss of function of this muscle causes the medial border, and particularly the inferior angle, of the scapula to elevate away from the thoracic wall, resulting in the characteristic ‘winging’ of the scapula. This deformity becomes more pronounced if the patient presses the upper limb against a wall. Furthermore, normal elevation of the arm is no longer possible.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      7.2
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - A 35 year old patient presents to ED having sustained an injury to...

    Incorrect

    • A 35 year old patient presents to ED having sustained an injury to his right hand whilst playing cricket. He is unable to fully straighten his right middle finger as the distal phalanx remains flexed. Which of the following structures within the digit was most likely injured:

      Your Answer: Insertion of central slip of extensor digitorum tendon

      Correct Answer: Insertion of terminal extensor digitorum tendon

      Explanation:

      Damage to the insertion of the terminal extensor digitorum tendon would result in loss of extension at the distal interphalangeal joint causing a fixed flexion deformity, called the Mallet deformity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      19.9
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - A patient was diagnosed with Erb's palsy as a result of a brachial...

    Correct

    • A patient was diagnosed with Erb's palsy as a result of a brachial plexus injury sustained in a car accident and, as a result, suffers from left arm paralysis. The following muscles are affected by the injury, except

      Your Answer: Trapezius

      Explanation:

      Damage to the C5 and C6 nerve roots causes Erb’s palsy.

      The spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) innervates the trapezius muscle, thus you would not expect this muscle to be impacted.

      The trapezius is a muscle that runs from the base of the neck across the shoulders and into the centre of the back.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - A man working as a waiter cuts his arm on a glass while...

    Correct

    • A man working as a waiter cuts his arm on a glass while he was working. The palmaris longus muscle was damaged as a consequence of his injury.

      Which of the following statements regarding the palmaris longus muscle is considered correct?

      Your Answer: It receives its blood supply from the ulnar artery

      Explanation:

      The palmaris longus is a small, fusiform-shaped muscle located on the anterior forearm of the human upper extremity. The palmaris longus muscle is commonly present but may be absent in a small percentage of the population, ranging from 2.5% to 26% of individuals, depending on the studied population.

      The palmaris longus belongs to the anterior forearm flexor group in the human upper extremity. The muscle attaches proximally to the medial humeral epicondyle and distally to the palmar aponeurosis and flexor retinaculum. The blood supply to the palmaris longus muscle is via the ulnar artery, a branch of the brachial artery in the human upper extremity.

      The palmaris longus muscle receives its innervation via branches of the median nerve containing nerve roots C5-T1. Median nerve injury at or above the elbow joint (including brachial plexus and nerve root injury) can lead to deficits in the palmaris longus and other forearm flexor muscles, leading to weakened elbow flexion, wrist flexion, radial deviation, finger flexion, thumb opposition, flexion, and abduction, in addition to the loss of sensory function in the distribution of the median nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      56.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - An 18-year-old patient was brought to the ER after falling off of his...

    Incorrect

    • An 18-year-old patient was brought to the ER after falling off of his skateboard. He is unable to flex the distal interphalangeal joint of his index finger. You suspect that he suffers from a supracondylar fracture. Which of the following conditions would confirm supracondylar fracture?

      Your Answer: Loss of supination of the forearm

      Correct Answer: Inability to oppose the thumb

      Explanation:

      A supracondylar fracture is a fracture that occurs through the thin section of the distal humerus above the growth plate.

      A supracondylar fracture is most usually associated with median nerve injury. A medial nerve damage causes paralysis of the thenar muscles, as well as loss of thumb opposition.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      27.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - A patient sustains an injury to the proximal median nerve after falling through...

    Correct

    • A patient sustains an injury to the proximal median nerve after falling through a glass door. Which of the following muscles would you not expect to be affected:

      Your Answer: Flexor carpi ulnaris

      Explanation:

      All of the muscles in the anterior forearm are innervated by the median nerve, except for the flexor carpi ulnaris and the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus which are innervated by the ulnar nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      20
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - A man presents to the emergency department with a hand laceration that has...

    Correct

    • A man presents to the emergency department with a hand laceration that has damaged the opponens digiti minimi muscle.

      All of the following statements regarding the opponens digiti minimi muscle is considered correct, except:

      Your Answer: It is innervated by the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve

      Explanation:

      Opponens digiti minimi (ODM) is an intrinsic muscle of the hand. It’s a triangular muscle that extends between the hamate bone (carpal bone) and the 5th metacarpal bone. It forms the hypothenar muscle group together with the abductor digiti minimi and flexor digiti minimi brevis, based on the medial side of the palm (hypothenar eminence). These muscles act together in moving the little finger. The opponens digiti minimi is responsible for flexion, lateral rotation and opposition of the little finger.
      Its origin is the hook of hamate and flexor retinaculum. It inserts into the medial border of 5th metacarpal bone. It is innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve, which stems from the brachial plexus (C8, T1 spinal nerves).
      Its blood supply is by the deep palmar branch of ulnar artery and deep palmar arch, which is the terminal branch of the radial artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      34.1
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - A 44 year old woman sustains an injury to the median nerve at...

    Incorrect

    • A 44 year old woman sustains an injury to the median nerve at the elbow after falling awkwardly. Which of the following clinical features are you LEAST likely to see on examination:

      Your Answer: Weakness of wrist flexion

      Correct Answer: Loss of flexion of the medial two digits

      Explanation:

      Flexion of the index and middle fingers at the IPJs is lost due to paralysis of the flexor digitorum superficialis and the lateral half of the flexor digitorum profundus. Flexion of the MCPJs of the index and middle fingers are lost due to paralysis of the lateral two lumbrical muscles. Flexion of the ring and little fingers are preserved as these are supported by the medial half of the flexor digitorum profundus and the medial two lumbrical muscles, innervated by the ulnar nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following statements accurately describes the extensor indicis muscle? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements accurately describes the extensor indicis muscle?

      Your Answer: It cannot be moved independently from the other digits

      Correct Answer: It lacks the juncturae tendinum

      Explanation:

      Extensor indicis is a narrow, elongated muscle found in the posterior compartment of the forearm. It belongs to the deep extensors of the forearm, together with supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor pollicis brevis muscles. It lacks the juncturae tendinum, which connects the extensor digitorum on the dorsal aspect of the hand.

      Extensor indicis can be palpated by applying deep pressure over the lower part of the ulna while the index finger is extended. The main function of extensor indicis involves the extension of the index finger at the metacarpophalangeal and interphalangeal joints. As the index finger is one of the few fingers that have their own separate extensor muscle, it is able to extend independently from other fingers. Additionally, extensor indicis muscle produces a weak extension of the wrist.

      Extensor indicis receives its nervous supply from posterior interosseous nerve, a branch of the radial nerve derived from spinal roots C7 and C8. The skin overlying the muscle is supplied by the same nerve, with fibres that stem from the spinal roots C6 and C7.

      The superficial surface of the extensor indicis receives arterial blood supply from posterior interosseous branch of the ulnar artery, whereas its deep surface receives blood from perforating branches of the anterior interosseous artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      47.7
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The fracture of the medial epicondyle will cause damage to the ulnar nerve....

    Correct

    • The fracture of the medial epicondyle will cause damage to the ulnar nerve. Which of the following motions would be impaired by this type of injury?

      Your Answer: Adduction of the thumb

      Explanation:

      Fracture of the medial epicondyle is most likely to result in damage to the ulnar nerve.

      The three hypothenar muscles, two medial lumbricals, seven interossei, the adductor pollicis, and the deep head of the flexor pollicis brevis are all innervated by the deep branch of the ulnar nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      40.1
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Fracture of the medial epicondyle would result to the following, except ...

    Incorrect

    • Fracture of the medial epicondyle would result to the following, except

      Your Answer: Weakness of adduction of the thumb

      Correct Answer: Weakness of abduction of the thumb

      Explanation:

      Thumb abduction is mediated by the abductor pollicis longus and brevis, which are innervated by the radial and median nerves, respectively.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      22.7
      Seconds

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Anatomy (8/20) 40%
Upper Limb (8/20) 40%
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