-
Question 1
Correct
-
Regarding nitrous oxide, which of the following statements is CORRECT:
Your Answer: Nitrous oxide may be used for maintenance of anaesthesia where its use allows reduced dosage of other agents.
Explanation:For anaesthesia, nitrous oxide is commonly used in a concentration of around 50 – 66% in oxygen in association with other inhalation or intravenous agents. Nitrous oxide cannot be used as the sole anaesthetic agent due to lack of potency, but is useful as part of a combination of drugs since it allows reduction in dosage of other agents. Exposure to nitrous oxide for prolonged periods, either by continuous or by intermittent administration, may result in megaloblastic anaemia as a result of interference with the action of vitamin B12. Nitrous oxide increases cerebral blood flow and should be avoided in patients with, or at risk of, raised intracranial pressure. Nitrous oxide may be administered by any trained personnel experienced in its use.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 2
Incorrect
-
Atracurium is used as a muscle relaxant during endotracheal intubation. This drug’s mechanism of action is best described by which of the following?
Your Answer: Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
Correct Answer: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist
Explanation:Atracurium is a non-depolarizing neuromuscular blocker that is used to help with intubation and controlled ventilation by causing muscle relaxation and paralysis.
At the neuromuscular junction’s post-synaptic membrane, atracurium competes with acetylcholine for nicotinic (N2) receptor binding sites. This prevents the receptors from being stimulated by acetylcholine.
Muscle paralysis occurs gradually due to the competitive blockade.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 3
Correct
-
Flumazenil is a reversal agent for which of the following groups of drugs:
Your Answer: Benzodiazepines
Explanation:Flumazenil is a benzodiazepine antagonist used for the reversal of the sedative effects of benzodiazepines after anaesthesia, sedation and similar procedures.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 4
Incorrect
-
In the United Kingdom, which of the following is the most often used intravenous aesthetic:
Your Answer: Ketamine
Correct Answer: Propofol
Explanation:In the United Kingdom, propofol is the most widely used intravenous anaesthetic. In adults and children, it can be used to induce or maintain anaesthesia, although it is not commonly used in newborns. It can also be used to sedate individuals in intensive care and for sedation during operations.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 5
Correct
-
EMLA cream is a topical local anaesthetic containing which of the following:
Your Answer: 50/50 mixture 2.5% lidocaine and 2.5% prilocaine
Explanation:EMLA cream, an effective topical local anaesthetic, is a 50/50 mixture of 2.5% prilocaine and 2.5% lidocaine.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 6
Correct
-
Nitrous oxide is associated with which of the following adverse effects:
Your Answer: Megaloblastic anaemia
Explanation:Exposure to nitrous oxide for prolonged periods, either by continuous or by intermittent administration, may result in megaloblastic anaemia as a result of interference with the action of vitamin B12; neurological toxic effects can occur without preceding overt haematological changes. Depression of white cell formation may also occur.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of thiopental sodium:
Your Answer: Seizures
Explanation:Extravasation of thiopental during injection can lead to tissue damage. Accidental intra-arterial injection causes vasospasm and may lead to thrombosis and tissue necrosis. Other side effects include involuntary muscle movements on induction, cough and laryngospasm, arrhythmias, hypotension, headache and hypersensitivity reactions. Thiopental sodium has anticonvulsant properties and does not cause seizures.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 8
Incorrect
-
Lidocaine's mechanism of action as a local aesthetic is as follows:
Your Answer: Blocks Ca+ channels
Correct Answer: Blocks influx of Na+ through voltage-gated Na+ channels
Explanation:Local anaesthetics prevent generation/conduction of nerve impulses by reducing sodium permeability and increasing action potential threshold; inhibits depolarization, which results in blockade of conduction
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 9
Incorrect
-
Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of benzodiazepine toxicity:
Your Answer: Nystagmus
Correct Answer: Hyperventilation
Explanation:Features of benzodiazepine toxicity include: drowsiness, ataxia, dysarthria, nystagmus, occasionally respiratory depression and coma
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
-
Question 10
Incorrect
-
Your consultant decides to use ketamine for a patient requiring procedural sedation in the Emergency Department. At what receptor does ketamine primarily act:
Your Answer: Nicotinic receptor
Correct Answer: NMDA receptor
Explanation:In contrast to most other anaesthetic agents, ketamine is a NMDA (N-methyl-D-aspartate) receptor antagonist. It is a non-competitive antagonist of the calcium-ion channel in the NMDA receptor. It further inhibits the NMDA-receptor by binding to its phencyclidine binding site. Ketamine also acts at other receptors as an opioid receptor agonist (analgesic effects), as an muscarinic anticholinergic receptor antagonist (antimuscarinic effects) and by blocking fast sodium channels (local anaesthetic effect).
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Anaesthesia
- Pharmacology
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
