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  • Question 1 - During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type...

    Incorrect

    • During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?

      Your Answer: Polymorphonuclear Neutrophils (PMNs)

      Correct Answer: Macrophages

      Explanation:

      Wound healing is initiated when inflammation begins. Macrophages predominate after neutrophils and peak 3-4 days after inflammation begins. They destroy and phagocytose the organism and debris using enzymes. The next step is the resolution of inflammation and healing of the wound.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - In the foetus, the most well oxygenated blood flows into which part of...

    Incorrect

    • In the foetus, the most well oxygenated blood flows into which part of the heart:

      Your Answer: Ligamentum venosum

      Correct Answer: Right atrium

      Explanation:

      The placenta accepts the blue, unoxygenated blood from the foetus through blood vessels that leave the foetus through the umbilical cord (umbilical arteries, there are two of them). When blood goes through the placenta it picks up oxygen and becomes red. The red blood then returns to the foetus via the third vessel in the umbilical cord, the umbilical vein. The red blood that enters the foetus passes through the fetal liver and enters the right side of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following is probably responsible for physiologic hyperventilation during pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is probably responsible for physiologic hyperventilation during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Large fluctuations in plasma bicarbonate

      Correct Answer: Increased progesterone production

      Explanation:

      Progesterone gradually increases during the course of pregnancy, from 25 ng⋅mL−1 at 6 weeks’ to 150 ng⋅mL−1 at 37 weeks’ gestation. Progesterone acts as trigger of the primary respiratory centre by increasing the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide, as indicated by the steeper slope of the ventilation curve in response to alveolar carbon dioxide changes. Progesterone alters the smooth muscle tone of the airways resulting in a bronchodilator effect. It also mediates hyperaemia and oedema of mucosal surfaces, causing nasal congestion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a...

    Incorrect

    • What is the normal pH value of an umbilical arterial sample of a new born term baby?

      Your Answer: 7

      Correct Answer: 7.2

      Explanation:

      The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, and preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4. A pH below 7.1 therefore indicates acidosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type...

    Incorrect

    • During the inflammatory phase of wound healing what is the predominant cell type found in the wound during days 3-4?

      Your Answer: NK Cells

      Correct Answer: Macrophages

      Explanation:

      PMNs phagocytise debris and kill bacteria via free radicals (AKA respiratory burst). They also break down damaged tissue. PMNs typically undergo apoptosis after 48 hours. They are then engulfed and degraded by macrophages. Macrophages therefore become the predominant cell type in the wound on days 3-4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following increases during pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following increases during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: Expiratory Reserve Volume

      Correct Answer: Tidal Volume

      Explanation:

      Ventilation begins to increase significantly at around 8 weeks of gestation, most likely in response to progesterone-related sensitization of the respiratory centre to carbon dioxide and the increased metabolic rate. Significant alterations occur in the mechanical aspects of ventilation during pregnancy. Minute ventilation (or the amount of air moved in and out of the lungs in 1 minute) is the product of tidal volume and respiratory rate and increases by approximately 30–50 per cent with pregnancy. The increase is primarily a result of tidal volume, which increases by 40 per cent (from 500 to 700 mL), because the respiratory rate remains unchanged. The increase in minute ventilation is perceived by the pregnant woman as shortness of breath, which affects 60–70 per cent of women. This physiological dyspnoea is usually mild and affects 50 per cent of women before 20 weeks gestation, but resolves immediately postpartum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      13.8
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A serum progesterone value less than 5ng/ml can exclude the diagnosis of viable...

    Incorrect

    • A serum progesterone value less than 5ng/ml can exclude the diagnosis of viable pregnancy with a certainty of:

      Your Answer: 20%

      Correct Answer: 100%

      Explanation:

      Serum progesterone has been proposed as a useful test to distinguish a viable pregnancy from a miscarriage or ectopic pregnancy. Low progesterone values are associated with miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies, both considered non-viable pregnancies, and high progesterone concentrations with viable pregnancies. A single progesterone measurement for women in early pregnancy presenting with bleeding or pain and inconclusive ultrasound assessments can rule out a viable pregnancy. The probability of a non-viable pregnancy was raised from 62.9% to 96.8%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - According to the UK food standards agency which of the following RDIs (recommended...

    Correct

    • According to the UK food standards agency which of the following RDIs (recommended daily intake) is 3 times higher in pregnancy than the non-pregnant state?

      Your Answer: Folic Acid

      Explanation:

      Folic Acid should be increased in diet of a pregnant women. Deficiency will lead to neural tube defects i.e. spina bifida.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Fetal blood is returned to the umbilical arteries & the placenta via the:...

    Incorrect

    • Fetal blood is returned to the umbilical arteries & the placenta via the:

      Your Answer: Ductus venosus

      Correct Answer: Hypogastric arteries

      Explanation:

      In the foetus, the hypogastric artery ascends along the side of the bladder, and runs upward on the back of the anterior wall of the abdomen to the umbilicus, converging toward its fellow of the opposite side. Having passed through the umbilical opening, the two arteries, now termed umbilical, enter the umbilical cord, where they are coiled around the umbilical vein, and ultimately ramify in the placenta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - In normal pregnancy, the value of β-hCG doubles every: ...

    Incorrect

    • In normal pregnancy, the value of β-hCG doubles every:

      Your Answer: 14 days

      Correct Answer: 2 days

      Explanation:

      During early pregnancy, hCG can be detected in the maternal serum as early as 6 to 8 days after fertilization. hCG levels are dynamically increased and doubled every 48 h in most normal pregnancies, and this pattern is similar in both in vivo or in vitro (IVF) conceptions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?

      Your Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcemia. It is usually caused by a tumour of the parathyroid gland. Symptoms are related to increased calcium levels which can cause kidney stones, abdominal groans, psychiatric overtones and bones disease such as osteoporosis,osteomalacia and arthritis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the typical volume increase of a non-pregnant uterus to term uterus?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the typical volume increase of a non-pregnant uterus to term uterus?

      Your Answer: 1000ml to 5000ml

      Correct Answer: 10ml to 5000ml

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term. The uterus is 50–60 g with a volume of approximately 10ml prior to pregnancy and 1000 – 1200 g with a volume of 5000ml by term.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.1
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:...

    Incorrect

    • The following ultrasonic measurements may be used to confirm or establish gestational age:

      Your Answer: Yolk sac volume

      Correct Answer: Crown rump length

      Explanation:

      Fetal ultrasound scanning is considered an essential part of routine antenatal care with first trimester scans recommended for confirming viability, accurate estimation of gestational age and determining the number of foetuses. Fetal crown-rump length (CRL) is measured in early pregnancy primarily to determine the gestation age (GA) of a foetus and is most reliable between 9+0 to 13+6 weeks’ gestation, but not beyond.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Skin changes during pregnancy should include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Skin changes during pregnancy should include:

      Your Answer: Vascular spiders

      Correct Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Skin signs during pregnancy may include: dark spots on the breasts, nipples and inner thighs, melasma (chloasma), linea nigra, stretch marks, acne, spider telangiectasis and varicose veins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      30.9
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - What kind of biochemical changes occur during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle?...

    Incorrect

    • What kind of biochemical changes occur during the luteal phase of menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Proliferative changes in the endometrium

      Correct Answer: High progesterone levels

      Explanation:

      Menstrual cycle can be divided into the follicular phase and luteal phase. In the luteal phase, there is an increase in progesterone secretion and LH levels are low. If the ova is fertilized, it is implanted in the endometrium. In case of failure in fertilization, there is gradual decrease in progesterone and LH levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      3.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - What is the average lifespan of a basophil (white blood cell)? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the average lifespan of a basophil (white blood cell)?

      Your Answer: 120 days

      Correct Answer: 3-4 days

      Explanation:

      Basophils are granulocytic white blood cells. They express IgE antibody on their surface and react to release prostaglandins and leukotrienes to mediate an inflammatory, allergic reaction.
      Blood Cell Lifespans:
      Red Blood Cells 120 days
      Platelets 5-9 days
      White blood cells 2-5 days

      Neutrophils (up to 5 days)
      Basophils (2 to 3 days)
      Eosinophils (2 to 5 days)
      Monocytes (1 to 5 days)
      Lymphocytes (variable)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      32.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Excessive increased level of β-HCG is expected in: ...

    Incorrect

    • Excessive increased level of β-HCG is expected in:

      Your Answer: Ectopic pregnancy

      Correct Answer: Twin pregnancy

      Explanation:

      Human chorionic gonadotropin levels dynamically increase during early gestation and the levels are significantly greater in viable pregnancies than in ectopic gestation, biochemical pregnancy, or spontaneous abortions. Similarly, the hCG concentrations are significantly higher in multiple pregnancy as compared with singleton.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Changes in the urinary tract system in pregnancy include: ...

    Incorrect

    • Changes in the urinary tract system in pregnancy include:

      Your Answer: Increase in BUN & creatinine

      Correct Answer: Increase in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR)

      Explanation:

      Pregnancy involves remarkable orchestration of physiologic changes. The kidneys are central players in the evolving hormonal milieu of pregnancy, responding and contributing to the changes in the environment for the pregnant woman and foetus. The functional impact of pregnancy on kidney physiology is widespread, involving practically all aspects of kidney function. The glomerular filtration rate increases 50% with subsequent decrease in serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid values. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      8.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is/are needed by women in increased amounts during pregnancy?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      The nutritional status of a woman before and during pregnancy is important for a healthy pregnancy outcome. Pregnancy is a state of increased requirement of macro and micronutrients, and malnourishment or inadequate dietary intake before and during pregnancy, can lead to adverse perinatal outcomes. Many nutritional interventions have been proposed for pregnant mothers. These include multiple micronutrients (MMN), iron/folate, balanced protein energy, calcium, zinc and folic acid supplementation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      45.3
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions? ...

    Incorrect

    • Polyhydramnios is associated with which one of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Fetal kidney agenesis

      Correct Answer: Tracheo-oesophageal fistula

      Explanation:

      Oesophageal atresia/TE fistula may be suspected prenatally with ultrasound findings of polyhydramnios, absence of fluid in the stomach, small sized abdomen, or the presence of a dilated proximal oesophageal pouch. An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Besides infertility, the most common symptoms of a luteal phase defect is:

      Your Answer: Vaginal dryness

      Correct Answer: Early abortion

      Explanation:

      Luteal phase defect is an ovulatory disorder of considerable clinical importance that is implicated in infertility and recurrent spontaneous abortion. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Physiological changes in the reproductive system include: ...

    Correct

    • Physiological changes in the reproductive system include:

      Your Answer: The uterus 1st enlarges by hyperplasia then by hypertrophy

      Explanation:

      Although uterine growth during the first few weeks of pregnancy is accomplished by increased numbers of smooth muscle cells (i.e. hyperplasia) and a smaller contribution from increased cell size (i.e. hypertrophy), the predominant growth of the uterus during pregnancy is by way of stretch‐induced myometrial hypertrophy. This ongoing process of stretch‐induced tissue remodelling and smooth muscle hypertrophy is accompanied by the lack of uterine contractions during most of gestation to accommodate the developing foetus (phase 0 of parturition). Phase 1 of parturition represents myometrial activation. The final stages of pregnancy are characterized by increases in spontaneous low‐amplitude contractions that gradually increase in frequency, rhythmicity and strength, normally culminating in labour and delivery of the foetus at term (phase 2 of parturition).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with...

    Incorrect

    • Examination of endometrial tissue obtained from a biopsy reveals simple columnar epithelium with no sub-nuclear vacuoles. The stroma is oedematous, & a tortuous gland contains secretions. These findings are consistent with which stage of the menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer: Non-ovulatory cycle

      Correct Answer: Mid-secretory

      Explanation:

      During mid secretory phase, the endometrium cells undergo distension, become more tortuous and are lined by columnar cells.
      In the early proliferative phase, the glandular epithelium is cubo-columnar, while in the late proliferative phase, the glands increase in size, becoming tortuous and there is pseudostratification of the epithelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      6.1
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following features indicates fetal asphyxia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Type II (late) decelerations with tachycardia

      Explanation:

      A type II deceleration is due to placental insufficiency which can result in fetal distress and asphyxia. The fetal heart rate is lowest at the start of the contraction and returns to normal after the contraction is complete.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - If a sample of cervical mucus is taken on the 12th day of...

    Incorrect

    • If a sample of cervical mucus is taken on the 12th day of the menstrual cycle and examined under the microscope, what kind of findings would be observed?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A fern pattern characteristic of oestrogen

      Explanation:

      Fern test looks for a specific fern like pattern of cervical mucus when observed under light microscope after the sample is dried. It occurs due to the presence of sodium chloride under oestrogen influence whereas progesterone opposes it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - The maternal blood volume in normal pregnancy: ...

    Incorrect

    • The maternal blood volume in normal pregnancy:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increases up to 40%

      Explanation:

      Changes in the cardiovascular system in pregnancy are profound and begin early in pregnancy, such that by eight weeks’ gestation, the cardiac output has already increased by 20%. The primary event is probably peripheral vasodilatation. This is mediated by endothelium-dependent factors, including nitric oxide synthesis, upregulated by oestradiol and possibly vasodilatory prostaglandins (PGI2). Peripheral vasodilation leads to a 25–30% fall in systemic vascular resistance, and to compensate for this, cardiac output increases by around 40% during pregnancy. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much...

    Incorrect

    • During normal pregnancy, the renal glomerular filtrate rate (GFR) can increase as much as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 50%

      Explanation:

      Pregnancy involves remarkable orchestration of physiologic changes. The kidneys are central players in the evolving hormonal milieu of pregnancy, responding and contributing to the changes in the environment for the pregnant woman and foetus. The functional impact of pregnancy on kidney physiology is widespread, involving practically all aspects of kidney function. The glomerular filtration rate increases 50% with subsequent decrease in serum creatinine, urea, and uric acid values. 

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The resting pulse in pregnancy is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The resting pulse in pregnancy is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased by 10 to 15 bpm

      Explanation:

      During pregnancy cardiac output increases by 30 to 50%. As a result, the resting pulse speeds up from a normal of about 70 bpm to 80 or 90 bpm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diastolic murmur

      Explanation:

      Diastolic murmurs should be considered pathological until proven otherwise. The following are common and typically benign findings in pregnancy: A third heart sound after mid-pregnancy. Systolic flow murmurs are common. Left axis deviation on ECG is common, Sagging ST segments and inversion or flattening of the T wave in lead III may also occur

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?...

    Incorrect

    • What kind of biochemical changes occur during the follicular phase of menstrual cycle?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Endometrial gland proliferation

      Explanation:

      During follicular phase, there is an increase in gonadotrophin hormones and a proliferation of the endometrium occurs. The duration of the cycle depends upon the overall length of the menstrual cycle. The progesterone levels are increased in the luteal phase and not in follicular phase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is...

    Incorrect

    • During normal pregnancy, a weight gain is anticipated. The average weight gain is approximately:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 10-15 kg

      Explanation:

      Institute of Medicine Weight Gain Recommendations for Pregnancy: Recommends a gestational weight gain of 16.8–24.5 kg (37–54 lb) for women of normal weight, 14.1–22.7 kg (31–50 lb) for overweight women, and 11.3–19.1 kg (25–42 lb) for obese women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following tests is used to detect antibodies or complement bound to red blood cell antigens in vivo?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Direct Coombs

      Explanation:

      When the red cells are coated with immune IgG antibody, the cells do not agglutinate but when anti-IgG antiserum is added to these sensitized cells visible agglutination occurs. This is known as a positive direct coombs test.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac examination during pregnancy which of the following findings should be considered pathological?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Diastolic murmur

      Explanation:

      Diastolic murmurs occur in conditions such as mitral stenosis, tricuspid stenosis and even in carditis. They are always pathological during pregnancy. Systolic murmurs and left axis deviation may be normal during pregnancy due to an increase in the blood volume and load on the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - What percentage of haemoglobin is HbF by 6 months of age? ...

    Incorrect

    • What percentage of haemoglobin is HbF by 6 months of age?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer:

      Explanation:

      HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 week old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally. Only 2% of the haemoglobin is HbF.

      Embryonic Haemoglobin:
      Haemoglobin Gower 1 (HbE Gower-1)
      Haemoglobin Gower 2 (HbE Gower-2)
      Haemoglobin Portland I (HbE Portland-1)
      Haemoglobin Portland II (HbE Portland-2)

      Fetal Haemoglobin (haemoglobin F, HbF)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest: ...

    Incorrect

    • Maternal serum prolactin levels in pregnancy are highest:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: On the 3rd to 4th day postpartum

      Explanation:

      Prolactin is necessary for the secretion of milk by the cells of the alveoli. The level of prolactin in the blood increases markedly during pregnancy, and stimulates the growth and development of the mammary tissue, in preparation for the production of milk. However, milk is not secreted then, because progesterone and oestrogen, the hormones of pregnancy, block this action of prolactin. After delivery, levels of progesterone and oestrogen fall rapidly, prolactin is no longer blocked, and milk secretion begins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - A 29-year-old gravida 6, para 5 woman at 36 weeks of gestation arrives...

    Incorrect

    • A 29-year-old gravida 6, para 5 woman at 36 weeks of gestation arrives in the ED via ambulance and precipitously delivers a male child. The child coughs and has a strong cry. He is very active. Acrocyanosis is noted. Heart rate is 98 bpm and breathing is strong. What is this child’s Apgar score?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 5

      Explanation:

      The Apgar test scores appearance, pulse, grimace, activity, and respiration and is generally done at 1 and 5 minutes after birth but may be repeated if the child continues to score low (Table). This child’s score is as follows: Appearance, 1; Pulse, 1; Grimace, 2; Activity, 2; Respiration, 2 (APGAR score = 8). A score of 3 or less is generally regarded as critically low, 4 to 6 is fairly low, and 7 to 10 is generally normal. Contrary to common belief, the Apgar score is not used to decide if a neonate requires resuscitation. Decisions about resuscitation are based on emergency assessment of airway, breathing, and circulation.5,6

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • All the following are possible causes of polyhydramnios, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: IUGR

      Explanation:

      An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - In normal physiological changes in pregnancy, all of the following are increased, EXCEPT:...

    Incorrect

    • In normal physiological changes in pregnancy, all of the following are increased, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Peripheral resistance

      Explanation:

      The heart adapts to the increased cardiac demand that occurs during pregnancy in many ways:
      Cardiac output increases throughout early pregnancy, and peaks in the third trimester, usually to 30-50% above baseline.
      Oestrogen mediates this rise in cardiac output by increasing the pre-load and stroke volume, mainly via a higher overall blood volume (which increases by 40–50%).
      The heart rate increases, but generally not above 100 beats/ minute.
      Total systematic vascular resistance decreases by 20% secondary to the vasodilatory effect of progesterone. Overall, the systolic and diastolic blood pressure drops 10–15 mm Hg in the first trimester and then returns to the baseline in the second half of pregnancy.
      All of these cardiovascular adaptations can lead to common complaints, such as palpitations, decreased exercise tolerance, and dizziness

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increased blood volume and vasculature.
      Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureteronephrosis, which are normal.
      There is an increase in glomerular filtration rate associated with an increase in creatinine clearance, protein, albumin excretion, and urinary glucose excretion.
      There is also an increase in sodium retention from the renal tube so oedema and water retention is a common sign in pregnant women

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Regarding blood volume in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding blood volume in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Blood volume slowly increases by 40-50%

      Explanation:

      Maternal blood volume expands during pregnancy to allow adequate perfusion of vital organs, including the placenta and foetus, and to anticipate blood loss associated with delivery. The rapid expansion of blood volume begins at 6–8 weeks gestation and plateaus at 32–34 weeks gestation. While there is some increase in intracellular water, the most marked expansion occurs in extracellular fluid volume, especially circulating plasma volume. This expanded extracellular fluid volume accounts for between 8 and 10 kg of the average maternal weight gain during pregnancy. Overall, total body water increases from 6.5 to 8.5 L by the end of pregnancy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Maternal mortality rate is lowest in which age group? ...

    Incorrect

    • Maternal mortality rate is lowest in which age group?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 20 - 30

      Explanation:

      The maternal mortality rate starts low and raises steeply after the age of 30 years. The lowest mortality rate recorded among women is between 19-30 years of age group.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Pregnancy is associated with all of the following, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Pregnancy is associated with all of the following, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased peripheral resistance

      Explanation:

      A variety of changes in the cardiovascular system occur during normal pregnancy, including increases in cardiac output, arterial compliance, extracellular fluid volume and decreases in blood pressure (BP) and total peripheral resistance.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - At term, what is the rate of uterine blood flow per minute? ...

    Incorrect

    • At term, what is the rate of uterine blood flow per minute?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 500 to 750 ml/min

      Explanation:

      The average volume of uterine blood flow at term is 500-750 ml/min.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual...

    Incorrect

    • A 25 year old primigravida with a regular cycle had her last menstrual period on June 30th. Therefore the expected date of delivery (EDD) is approximately when the following year:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 7-Apr

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery (EDD) is a calculated from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period. If her periods are regular i.e., 28-day menstrual cycle, Naegele’s rule may be used. Naegele’s rule involves a simple calculation: add seven days to the first day of your LMP and then subtract three months. e.g. 30 June + 7 days = 7 July, minus 3 months = 7 April.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH? ...

    Incorrect

    • Immediate delivery of the foetus is recommended at which fetal scalp pH?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 7.18

      Explanation:

      A pH value below than 7.18 indicates acidosis which can result in hypoxic brain injury. In order to prevent brain injury, immediate delivery of the foetus should be planned. The normal range for a term baby is pH: 7.18 – 7.38, preterm pH: 7.14 – 7.4.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - Which one of the following statements regarding fetal blood pH is correct? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following statements regarding fetal blood pH is correct?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Can be measured during labour

      Explanation:

      A sample for fetal blood pH can be taken during the labour. The mother should be lying in a left lateral position.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - The following are presumptive skin signs of pregnancy, except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following are presumptive skin signs of pregnancy, except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Maculo-papular rash

      Explanation:

      Skin signs during pregnancy may include: dark spots on the breasts, nipples and inner thighs, melasma (chloasma), linea nigra, stretch marks, acne, spider telangiectasis and varicose veins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Lowered haemoglobin during normal pregnancy is a physiological finding which is mainly due...

    Incorrect

    • Lowered haemoglobin during normal pregnancy is a physiological finding which is mainly due to:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased plasma volume

      Explanation:

      During pregnancy, anaemia increases more than fourfold from the first to third trimester. It is a well established fact that there is a physiological drop in haemoglobin (Hb) in the mid trimester. This physiological drop is attributed to increase of plasma volume and hence decrease of blood viscosity lead to better circulation in placenta.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - All of the following statements regarding human chorionic gonadotrophin are true except:: ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following statements regarding human chorionic gonadotrophin are true except::

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It's level doubles every 48 hours in ectopic pregnancy

      Explanation:

      In normal pregnancy the levels of hCG doubles after every 48-72 hours but in case of ectopic pregnancy the levels of hCG are lower than the normal. It is produced by the placenta and its main role is nourishment of the egg after implantation. Its levels reached a peak at 8-10 weeks of pregnancy and after that the levels decreases for the remainder of pregnancy. In hydatiform mole and trophoblastic diseases its the main hormone for diagnosis of the disease because the levels are highly elevated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Normally, pregnancy in 2nd trimester is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:...

    Incorrect

    • Normally, pregnancy in 2nd trimester is characterized by all of the following, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Elevated fasting plasma glucose

      Explanation:

      Elevated fasting plasma glucose means gestational diabetes mellitus and is not considered to be in the spectrum of a normal pregnancy. In normal pregnancy however, maternal tissues become progressively insensitive to insulin. This is believed to be caused partly by hormones from the placenta and partly by other obesity and pregnancy related factors that are not fully understood. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) occurs in about 5% of pregnancies but figures vary considerably depending upon the criteria used and demographic characteristics of the population.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Ovulation may be indicated by all the following, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Ovulation may be indicated by all the following, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Mid-cycle elevation in prolactin

      Explanation:

      An elevation in serum PRL is associated with a variety of reproductive disorders, including amenorrhea, oligomenorrhea, anovulation and/or luteal phase defects with subsequent infertility.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 51 - Which of the following factors is fetal nutrition dependant on? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is fetal nutrition dependant on?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Fetal nutrition is dependant upon multiple factors such as maternal nutritional state, quality of maternal diet, malnutrition, anorexia nervosa, metabolic rate of the mother or whether they suffer from malabsorption syndrome or other related conditions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 52 - Which of the following pubertal events is NOT mediated by gonadal oestrogen production?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following pubertal events is NOT mediated by gonadal oestrogen production?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pubic hair growth

      Explanation:

      The role of androgens in the female includes acting as precursors for oestrogen production, anabolic effects, stimulation of axillary and pubic hair growth, sebum production, stimulation of bone formation, and stimulation of erythropoietin production in the kidneys.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 53 - Which of the following lung function values is unchanged in pregnancy? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following lung function values is unchanged in pregnancy?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: FEV1

      Explanation:

      FEV1 and FVC are unchanged. FEV1/FVC ratio remains the same in pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 54 - During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates...

    Incorrect

    • During wound healing the clotting cascade is activated. Which of the following activates the extrinsic pathway?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Tissue Factor

      Explanation:

      The extrinsic pathway is activated by the tissue factor, which converts factor VII to VIIa which later on converts factors X and II to their activated form finally leading to the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibres.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 55 - During pregnancy, maternal oestrogen levels increase markedly. Most of this oestrogen is produced...

    Incorrect

    • During pregnancy, maternal oestrogen levels increase markedly. Most of this oestrogen is produced by the:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Placenta

      Explanation:

      The placenta does not have all the necessary enzymes to make oestrogens from cholesterol, or even progesterone. Human trophoblast lack 17-hydroxylase and therefore cannot convert C21-steroids to C19-steroids, the immediate precursors of oestrogen. To bypass this deficit, dehydroisoandrosterone sulphate (DHA) from the fetal adrenal is converted to estradiol-17ί by trophoblasts. In its key location as a way station between mother and foetus, placenta can use precursors from either mother or foetus to circumvent its own deficiencies in enzyme activities.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 56 - Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following would normally be expected to increase during pregnancy:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin

      Explanation:

      Thyroid function in pregnancy is altered in two ways; the circulating levels of the thyroid binding proteins are increased, resulting in an increase in the total circulating levels of thyroid hormones (but a slight fall in the free component).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 57 - Regarding cardiac output in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac output in pregnancy which of the following statements is TRUE?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cardiac output increases by approximately 40-50% during pregnancy

      Explanation:

      In a non pregnant adult female the cardiac output is 4.5L/min, by the 20 week of pregnancy the cardiac output increases by 40% to 6.3L/min. During early stages of labour it increases further still by 17% to 7.3L/min.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 58 - What is the typical weight of a term uterus? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the typical weight of a term uterus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 1200g

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood distributed to the intervillous spaces of the placentae, and 20 per cent to the uterine myometrium. Weight of the uterus increases from 50–60 g prior to pregnancy to 1000 g by term.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 59 - Which of the following statements is true regarding renal blood flow in pregnancy?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding renal blood flow in pregnancy?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increases by approximately 50%

      Explanation:

      Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) rises immediately after conception and increases by about 50 per cent overall, reaching its maximum at the end of the first trimester. GFR then falls by about 20 per cent in the third trimester, returning to pre-pregnancy levels within 12 weeks of delivery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 60 - Spinnbarkheit is a term which means: ...

    Incorrect

    • Spinnbarkheit is a term which means:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Threading of the cervical mucous

      Explanation:

      Spinnability (or Spinnbarkeit), which measures the capacity of fluids to be drawn into threads, represents an indirect measurement of the adhesive and elastic properties of mucus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 61 - What form is 99% of body calcium found in? ...

    Incorrect

    • What form is 99% of body calcium found in?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Calcium Phosphate

      Explanation:

      Calcium phosphate salts are the most abundant form of calcium in the body, making up 99%. The majority of these salts are stored in the skeleton in different forms, mostly, hydroxyapatite, a lattice-like crystal composed of calcium, phosphates and hydroxide. The remaining calcium can be found in the extracellular fluid, tissues and skeletal muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 62 - Regarding the renal tract during pregnancy, the following are true, EXCEPT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the renal tract during pregnancy, the following are true, EXCEPT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The bladder tone increases

      Explanation:

      Incontinence in women is typically related to dysfunction of the bladder or pelvic floor muscles, with such dysfunction often arising during pregnancy or childbirth, or at the time of menopause.

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in the size of the kidneys and ureter due to the increased blood volume and vasculature.
      Later in pregnancy, the woman might develop physiological hydronephrosis and hydroureteronephrosis, which are normal.
      There is an increase in glomerular filtration rate associated with an increase in creatinine clearance, protein, albumin excretion, and urinary glucose excretion.
      There is also an increase in sodium retention from the renal tube so oedema and water retention is a common sign in pregnant women

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 63 - When does ovulation occur? ...

    Incorrect

    • When does ovulation occur?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 36 hours after LH surge

      Explanation:

      Ovulation occurs in the mid stage of the menstrual cycle, usually 36 hours after the LH surge. It is this LH surge which is necessary for the ovulation to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 64 - What percentage of patients with breast cancer have hypercalcaemia ...

    Incorrect

    • What percentage of patients with breast cancer have hypercalcaemia

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 20%

      Explanation:

      20% of the patients with breast cancer will have hypercalcemia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 65 - In a pregnant lady with polyhydramnios, the cause could be: ...

    Incorrect

    • In a pregnant lady with polyhydramnios, the cause could be:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Foetus with oesophageal-atresia

      Explanation:

      An underlying disease is only found in 17 % of cases in mild polyhydramnios. In contrast, an underlying disease is detected in 91 % of cases in moderate to severe polyhydramnios. The literature lists the following potential aetiologies: fetal malformations and genetic anomalies (8–45 %), maternal diabetes mellitus (5–26 %), multiple pregnancies (8–10 %), fetal anaemia (1–11 %), other causes, e.g. viral infections, Bartter syndrome, neuromuscular disorders, maternal hypercalcemia. Viral infections which can lead to polyhydramnios include parvovirus B19, rubella, and cytomegalovirus. Other infections, e.g. toxoplasmosis and syphilis, can also cause polyhydramnios.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 66 - Luteal phase deficiency is characterised by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Luteal phase deficiency is characterised by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Has inadequate luteal progesterone production

      Explanation:

      Luteal phase occurs after the ovulation. Luteal defect means that the luteal phase is shorter than 10 days and women will find it difficult to sustain the pregnancy. There is decreased progesterone, LH and FSH production in this case.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 67 - What is the typical weight of a non-pregnant premenopausal uterus? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the typical weight of a non-pregnant premenopausal uterus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 40g

      Explanation:

      Uterine blood flow increases 40-fold to approximately 700 mL/min at term, with 80 per cent of the blood. The uterus is 50–60 g prior to pregnancy and 1000 g by term. The volume increases from 10 ml to 5000ml approx. It is around 40g at menopause.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 68 - We can detect the fetal heart beat by Sonography (transvaginal) at: ...

    Incorrect

    • We can detect the fetal heart beat by Sonography (transvaginal) at:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 6 weeks

      Explanation:

      The earliest fetal heart rate detected transvaginally was at 6 weeks 0 days of gestation compared with 7 weeks 0 days transabdominally. The transvaginal Doppler method was also more successful in detecting the fetal heart rate in women with a retroverted uterus (p < or = 0.01).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 69 - In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged: ...

    Incorrect

    • In pregnancy, the following lung function value remains unchanged:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: FEV1

      Explanation:

      The biochemical and mechanical effects of progesterone and the enlarging uterus are responsible for some changes in lung function during pregnancy.

      Progesterone increases the sensitivity of the respiratory centre to arterial carbon dioxide while also causing hyperaemia in the airway leading to nasal obstruction. As a result, minute ventilation and tidal volume increase by 50% to allow greater arterial oxygen saturation.

      The enlarging uterus displaces the diaphragm upwards, and also limits the movement of the thoracic cage, thereby decreasing the functional residual capacity (FRC) and the expiratory reserve volume (ERV) by 20%.

      Functional Expiratory Volume in 1 second (FEV1) and Forced Vital Capacity (FVC) remain unchanged in pregnancy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 70 - After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the: ...

    Incorrect

    • After birth, all of the following vessels constrict, EXCEPT the:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hepatic portal vein

      Explanation:

      Immediately after birth the liver is deprived of the large flow of blood supplied during foetal development via the umbilical vein and portal sinus. Simultaneously the blood pressure in the portal sinus, previously as high as in the umbilical vein, falls.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 71 - If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is...

    Incorrect

    • If a hyalinised mass is formed from an involuted corpus leuteum, it is known as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Corpus albicans

      Explanation:

      Corpus albicans is the regressed form of the corpus leuteum. It is formed when the corpus leuteum is engulfed by macrophages and a scar or fibrous tissue is formed, called the corpus albicans.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 72 - During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?...

    Incorrect

    • During wound healing collagen alignment along tension lines is part of which phase?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Remodelling

      Explanation:

      Realignment of collagen is part of the remodelling phase. Remodelling is usually underway by week 3. Maximum tensile wound strength is typically achieved by week 12.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 73 - Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is suggestive of ovulation:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Regular cycle with dysmenorrhea

      Explanation:

      Ovulation in the menstrual cycle usually occurs over 4 days. There is an increase in basal body temperature at the time of ovulation due to the effect of progesterone.

      A high Day 21 progesterone level indicates ovulation and the release of an egg.

      Dysmenorrhea is described as painful menstruation. The symptoms start at the time of ovulation and persist till menstruation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 74 - All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except? ...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following factors are associated with umbilical cord prolapse, except?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Anencephaly

      Explanation:

      Anencephaly means the missing of a particular portion of the scalp and brain tissue. The other factors listed are associated with umbilical cord prolapse like multiparity, twin birth, polyhydramnios, premature delivery, long umbilical cord or breech presentation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 75 - Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding electronic fetal monitoring, which one of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Has low specificity but high sensitivity

      Explanation:

      There are different ways of monitoring fetal heart rate during pregnancy. It can be done by just auscultation or by electronic fetal heart rate monitoring which is done with the help of an ultrasound machine and has a low specificity but high sensitivity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 76 - CTG showing early decelerations is : ...

    Incorrect

    • CTG showing early decelerations is :

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: From increased vagal tone secondary to head compression

      Explanation:

      Early decelerations: a result of increased vagal tone due to compression of the fetal head during contractions. Monitoring usually shows a symmetrical, gradual decrease and return to baseline of FHR, which is associated with a uterine contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 77 - The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:...

    Incorrect

    • The expected date of delivery of a human pregnancy can be calculated as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 40 weeks after last menstrual period

      Explanation:

      Expected date of delivery/estimated due date (EDD) is a calculated date (i.e., an estimation), determined by counting forward 280 days (40 weeks) from the first day of the woman’s last menstrual period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 78 - Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following features best describes the role of prostaglandins?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Are involved in the onset of labour

      Explanation:

      Prostaglandins are involved in the uterine contraction and cervical dilatation during labour. Higher prostaglandin concentrations can also lead to severe menstrual cramps.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 79 - In the earliest phase of wound healing platelets are held together by what?...

    Incorrect

    • In the earliest phase of wound healing platelets are held together by what?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Fibrin

      Explanation:

      The 1st stage of wound healing is haemostasis. Even in incised wounds a small haematoma forms. Here the clotting cascade is activated by tissue factor and endothelial cells resulting in activation of platelets. This results in platelet aggregation and the laying down of a fibrin mesh that is cross linked and holds the platelets in place.
      Wound healing is typically divided into phases:
      1. Haemostasis Phase
      2. Inflammatory phase
      3. Proliferation phase
      4. Remodelling phase

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 80 - Regarding heart rate in pregnancy which of the following statements is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding heart rate in pregnancy which of the following statements is true?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Heart rate increases by 15 beats per minute

      Explanation:

      The following cardiovascular changes occur during pregnancy:
      – Blood volume slowly increases by 40-50%
      – Heart rate rises by 15 beats/min above baseline
      – Stroke volume increases by 25-30%
      – Cardiac output increases by approximately 30-50%
      – Systemic vascular resistance (SVR) decreases by 20-30%
      – Diastolic blood pressure consequently decreases between 12 and 26 weeks but increases again to pre-pregnancy levels by 36 weeks.
      As most of the changes occur in the first 12 weeks of gestation cardiac problems are likely to present in early pregnancy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 81 - The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days...

    Incorrect

    • The test used to diagnose ovulation on day 21 in a 28 days menstrual cycle is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Progesterone

      Explanation:

      After ovulation, the dominant follicle turns into a corpus luteum and begins to secrete progesterone. To confirm ovulation, serum progesterone or its metabolite in urine, can be measured. A single serum progesterone level >3 ng/ml in mid‐luteal phase has been used to retrospectively detect ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 82 - Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following causes of polyhydramnios is more common?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Idiopathic

      Explanation:

      Maternal disorders, such as diabetes, in-utero infections, drug usage, placental abnormalities and fetal conditions as congenital and chromosomal abnormalities, Rh iso-immunization, and multiple gestations, are generally associated with polyhydramnios. Congenital abnormalities such as duodenal, oesophageal, or intestinal atresia of the foetus are the most common malformations that typically cause gastro-intestinal obstruction and interfere with fetal swallowing and/or absorption resulting with polyhydramnios. However, in about 70% of cases, none of the aforementioned aetiologies are causes of polyhydramnios, and it is referred to as idiopathic or isolated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 83 - Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is: ...

    Incorrect

    • Chief role of the mid-cycle LH surge is:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All are correct

      Explanation:

      LH surge occurs around ovulation and it is this LH surge which results in completion of the 1st meiotic division and ovulation occurs. It enhances the production of androgens and also luteinizes the granulosa cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 84 - What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary form of haemoglobin in a 6 week old foetus?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Hb Gower 1

      Explanation:

      HB gower 1 is the predominant embryonic haemoglobin when the foetus is 6 weeks old and is replaced by adult haemoglobin by the age of 5 months post natally.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
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      Seconds

  • Question 85 - Which one of the following statements regarding oestrogen is correct? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following statements regarding oestrogen is correct?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is produced in the corpus luteum

      Explanation:

      Oestrogen is secreted by the corpus luteum and is responsible for the proliferation of the endometrium to prepare it for the implantation of the zygote.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 86 - In the absence of any gross pelvic abnormality, cephalopelvic disproportion can be correctly...

    Incorrect

    • In the absence of any gross pelvic abnormality, cephalopelvic disproportion can be correctly diagnosed by?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Trial of labour

      Explanation:

      Cephalo-pelvic disproportion exists when the capacity of the pelvis is inadequate to allow the foetus to negotiate the birth canal. This may be due to a small pelvis, a nongynecoid pelvic formation, a large foetus, an unfavourable orientation of the foetus, or a combination of these factors. Diagnosis of CPD may be made when there is failure to progress, but not all cases of prolonged labour are the result of CPD. Use of ultrasound to measure the size of the foetus in the womb is controversial, as these methods are often inaccurate and may lead to unnecessary caesarean section; a trial of labour is often recommended even if size of the foetus is estimated to be large.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 87 - Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following factors will most likely increase the chances of ovulation in female?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: LH surge

      Explanation:

      Different changes can occur during the menstrual cycle including an increased body temperature at the time of ovulation, thinning of the cervical mucus and few other changes, but it is the LH surge which is the most important factor necessary for ovulation.
      Mittelschmerz is characterised by recurrent midcycle pain which occurs around the time of ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 88 - What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Primary hyperparathyroidism

      Explanation:

      Primary hyperparathyroidism is the most common cause of hypercalcaemia with incidence rates in the UK approximately 30 per 100,000 The majority of patients are postmenopausal women.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 89 - The average normal heart rate of a foetus at term is : ...

    Incorrect

    • The average normal heart rate of a foetus at term is :

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 120-160 bpm

      Explanation:

      The normal fetal heart rate ranges from 120-160 beats per minute in the uterine period.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 90 - Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions? ...

    Incorrect

    • Serum prolactin levels are greatest in which of the following conditions?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Suckling

      Explanation:

      Serum prolactin levels are increased during suckling. Some other conditions in which serum prolactin is increased consist of: prolactin secreting brain tumours, anti psychotic drugs and hypothyroidism. It can also be increased in pregnancy, nipple stimulation and stress.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Physiology (22/23) 96%
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