-
Question 1
Incorrect
-
Which cell secretes parathyroid hormone?
Your Answer: Parafollicular cells
Correct Answer: Chief cells
Explanation:Parathyroid chief cells, also known as parathyroid principal cells or parathyroid cells, are the most prevalent type of cell in the parathyroid gland and the only ones present at birth. They secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH).
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 2
Correct
-
Which of the following hormones cause negative feedback on the CRH/ACTH axis?
Your Answer: Cortisol
Explanation:The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, also known as HPA axis is a set of interactions that regulate the secretion of several hormones through negative feedback. Cortisol, for example, is produced by the adrenal cortex, binds to its receptors in the hypothalamus and adenohypophysis and inhibits secretion of corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). The drop in CRH secretion leads to a decrease in ACTH secretion, which in turn causes less cortisol to be secreted.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 3
Incorrect
-
Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome?
Your Answer: Central obesity
Correct Answer: High LDL
Explanation:The World Health Organization 1999 criteria require the presence of any one of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance, AND two of the following:
- Blood pressure: ≥ 140/90 mmHg
- Dyslipidaemia: triglycerides (TG): ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤ 1.0 mmol/L (female)
- Central obesity: waist: hip ratio > 0.90 (male); > 0.85 (female), or body mass index > 30 kg/m2
- Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 µg/min or albumin: creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 4
Incorrect
-
What microscopic changes are visible in an active thyroid gland?
Your Answer: Colloid is abundant.
Correct Answer: Follicle lining cells are cuboid or columnar.
Explanation:Active follicles are lined by cuboidal or columnar cells; this is because active follicles are smaller and have less colloid. Their cells are tall because they are actively secreting hormones, whereas older follicles have a flat epithelium and are filled with more colloid.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 5
Incorrect
-
The main efferent input of the posterior pituitary gland comes from:
Your Answer: Paracrine hormones secreted from the hypothalamus via pituitary portal veins
Correct Answer: Paracrine hormones secreted from the hypothalamus via axons.
Explanation:The posterior pituitary or neurohypophysis consists of a collection of axonal projections emerging from the hypothalamus. It releases hormones directly from these axonal endings into circulation; these hormones are oxytocin and vasopressin.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 6
Incorrect
-
The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area?
Your Answer: Anterior pituitary
Correct Answer: Posterior hypothalamus
Explanation:The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and thermogenesis. Studies have shown that the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus which mediate the reflex of shivering are sensitive to temperature; damage to this nucleus produces hypothermia.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 7
Incorrect
-
Which one of the following leads to decreased prolactin levels?
Your Answer: Hypoglycaemia
Correct Answer: Dopamine
Explanation:Dopamine has an important effect on the regulation of prolactin secretion. Dopamine binds to type-2 dopamine receptors of the lactotroph cells that are functionally linked to membrane channels and G proteins and suppresses the high secretory activity of the pituitary lactotrophs.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 8
Incorrect
-
Phosphate absorption in the proximal tubules is via which transporting molecule?
Your Answer: Pi/Ca exchanger
Correct Answer: Na/Pi co transporter
Explanation:Sodium/phosphate cotransporters are located in the renal proximal tubular brush border, and are the key elements in proximal tubular phosphate reabsorption and phosphate homeostasis.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 9
Incorrect
-
Choose the most correct missing words to complete the statement: A portion of circulating growth hormone is bound to the ____ receptor and activates the ____ pathway that mediates its effect.
Your Answer: Jak 2stat, lipolysis
Correct Answer: Growth hormone receptor (extracellular domain), jak 2stat
Explanation:The growth hormone receptor is a transmembrane protein involved in the STATs, MAPK and PI3-kinase/Akt pathways. The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is activated by different ligands, such as growth hormone, interferon and interleukin. This pathway is involved in the expression of genes associated with oncogenesis, immunity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Errors in these pathways can produce leukaemia’s and other myeloproliferative disorders.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 10
Incorrect
-
The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by follicles resembling which human gland?
Your Answer: Parathyroid
Correct Answer: Thyroid
Explanation:The cells located between the two main pituitary lobes form what is known as the intermediate pituitary. This area secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone and it is only a few cell layers thick. It is rich in follicles filled with colloid, and lined by basophilic cells. This configuration resembles that of another important gland: the thyroid.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 11
Correct
-
Which of the flowing plasma proteins has the greatest affinity for T4?
Your Answer: Thyroxin-binding globulin
Explanation:There are three principal plasma thyroid hormone-binding proteins, thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG), transthyretin (TTR), and albumin. TBG is synthesized in the liver and due to its relatively high affinity for iodothyronines, binds and carries approximately 70–75% of circulating T4 and T3.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 12
Correct
-
What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?
Your Answer: Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia
Explanation:Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome, is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels. Primary hyperaldosteronism has a number of causes. About 66% of cases are due to enlargement of both adrenal glands and 33% of cases are due to an adrenal adenoma that produces aldosterone. Other uncommon causes include adrenal cancer and an inherited disorder called familial hyperaldosteronism
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 13
Incorrect
-
Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase in serum cortisol levels?
Your Answer: Administration of oral oestrogen
Correct Answer: Severe emotional stress
Explanation:Cortisol is widely known as the stress hormone. Alterations in cortisol levels have been found in relation to mood disorders, illness, trauma, pain, fear, exertion, and anxiety, amongst other stimuli.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 14
Incorrect
-
Where is Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) secreted?
Your Answer: Leydig cells
Correct Answer: Sertoli cells
Explanation:Müllerian inhibiting substance, also known as Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) is a glycoprotein hormone which prevents the development of the Müllerian ducts into the uterus. Its production by Sertoli cells continues during childhood in males and decreases after puberty.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 15
Incorrect
-
Regarding the structure of the 3 pituitary glycoprotein hormones FSH, LH, and TSH, which of the following is true about the α- and β-subunits of each hormone?
Your Answer: The α-subunits are not interchangeable
Correct Answer: Maximal physiological activity occurs only on their combination
Explanation:Glycoprotein hormones (GPHs) are the most complex molecules that function as hormones. They each consist of two different subunits, α and β, which are non-covalently associated. The combination of these subunits results in an increase in their activity and β structure.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 16
Correct
-
What is the primary cause of ketoacidosis in Type 1 diabetes?
Your Answer: Lipolysis
Explanation:in type 1 diabetics the lack of insulin in the bloodstream prevents glucose absorption, thereby inhibiting the production of oxaloacetate (a crucial precursor to the β-oxidation of fatty acids) through reduced levels of pyruvate (a by-product of glycolysis), and can cause unchecked ketone body production (through fatty acid metabolism or lipolysis) potentially leading to dangerous glucose and ketone levels in the blood.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 17
Incorrect
-
In the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by:
Your Answer: A pituitary FSH surge due to the positive feedback effect of oestrogens
Correct Answer: A pituitary LH surge due to the positive feedback effect of circulating oestrogens
Explanation:FSH and LH are secreted to start the development of a follicle at the start of each menstrual cycle. A surge in oestrogen causes a positive feedback in the LH cells of the pituitary; this causes ovulation.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 18
Correct
-
Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?
Your Answer: Somatotroph
Explanation:Somatotroph cells are responsible for the production of growth hormone. Somatotrophs occupy nearly 40% of the total surface area of the anterior pituitary, and they are acidophilic in nature.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 19
Incorrect
-
What is the most important source of heat production in the body?
Your Answer: Ingestion of food
Correct Answer: Skeletal muscle contraction
Explanation:Thermogenesis is the process by which organisms produce heat. Through skeletal muscle contraction, or shivering, ATP is converted into kinetic energy, some of which converts into heat. These muscle contractions produce about 70% of total body heat.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 20
Correct
-
A 14-year-old girl presents with short stature, webbed neck and primary amenorrhoea.Given the likely clinical diagnosis, which hormone replacement is most crucial over the longer term?
Your Answer: Oestrogen
Explanation:This girl most likely has Turner syndrome (TS) also known as 45,X, a condition in which a female is partly or completely missing an X chromosome. Signs and symptoms vary among those affected. Often, a short and webbed neck, low-set ears, low hairline at the back of the neck, short stature, and swollen hands and feet are seen at birth. Typically, they are without menstrual periods, do not develop breasts, and are unable to have children. Heart defects, diabetes, and low thyroid hormone occur more frequently. Most people with TS have normal intelligence. Many, however, have troubles with spatial visualization such as that needed for mathematics. Vision and hearing problems occur more often. Turner syndrome is not usually inherited from a person’s parents. No environmental risks are known and the mother’s age does not play a role. As a chromosomal condition, there is no cure for Turner syndrome. However, much can be done to minimize the symptoms including prescribing growth hormone, either alone or with a low dose of androgen, and oestrogen replacement therapy which is crucial long term for maintaining good bone integrity, cardiovascular health and tissue health
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 21
Incorrect
-
Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?
Your Answer: Paraesthesia
Correct Answer: Pretibial myxoedema
Explanation:Pretibial myxoedema is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) and very occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.
Hypothyroidism typically presents with symptoms such as dry skin, brittle hair, and thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows. While skin conditions like dryness and hair changes are common in hypothyroidism due to reduced metabolic activity, acne is also not typically associated with it.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 22
Correct
-
In terms of relative steroid potency, how much prednisone is equivalent to 100mg hydrocortisone?
Your Answer: 25mg
Explanation:Different corticosteroids have varying degrees of potency. 1 mg of prednisone is equivalent to 4 mg of hydrocortisone. Therefore, 25 mg of prednisone are equivalent to 100 mg of hydrocortisone.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 23
Correct
-
The action of progesterone on different organs/systems includes:
Your Answer: Breasts: stimulation of lobular and alveolar development
Explanation:Progesterone is a sex hormone which affects mainly the reproductive system. In the breasts, it mediates the lobuloalveolar maturation to allow for milk production; this is done in conjunction with prolactin. It acts to maintain female reproductive and sex characteristics.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 24
Incorrect
-
What is the fat called that serves as a considerable source of heat in children?
Your Answer: Yellow adipose tissue
Correct Answer: Brown adipose tissue
Explanation:Brown adipose tissue, also known as BAT or brown fat, coforms the adipose tissue along with white adipose tissue (WAT) or white fat. While WAT is responsible for energy-storage, BAT is involved in thermogenesis and energy expenditure. It is more prevalent in children than in adults, and its activation during adolescence is associated to less weight gain and adiposity. BAT produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 25
Incorrect
-
Which of the following skin coloration abnormalities occurs due to adrenal insufficiency due to primary adrenal disease?
Your Answer: Piebaldism
Correct Answer: Hyperpigmentation
Explanation:Addison’s disease, also known as primary adrenal insufficiency, or hypocortisolism is an endocrine disorder. Hyperpigmentation is one of its most common signs; it occurs as a result of an increase in pro-opiomelanocortin to produce more ACTH in response to the decreased levels of cortisol. Pro-opiomelanocortin is a precursor of melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH), which stimulates melanocytes, causing darkening of the skin.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 26
Incorrect
-
Which of the following cells secrete glucagon?
Your Answer: G cells
Correct Answer: A cells
Explanation:Glucagon counteracts hypoglycaemia and opposes insulin by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. It also decreases fatty acid synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue, and promotes lipolysis. It is secreted by the pancreatic islet α-cells. Its production is regulated by the insulin produced in β-cells.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 27
Incorrect
-
During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage known as:
Your Answer: None of the above
Correct Answer: Epiphysial plate
Explanation:The epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate, is a hyaline cartilage plate located near the ends of long bones; it consists of growing tissue. It is found in children and teenagers; in adults, it is replaced by an epiphysial line or epiphysial closure. The epiphysial plate is divided into zones: zone of reserve, proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 28
Correct
-
Periodic fevers occur in humans with mutations in the gene for pyrin. Pyrin is a protein found in which one of the following cells?
Your Answer: Neutrophils
Explanation:Pyrin, also known as marenostrin or TRIM20, is a protein encoded by the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene, causing the autoinflammatory disease familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Pyrin produces an increased sensitivity to intracellular signals. It is produced mainly in neutrophils, which display an increased ratio of cells entering apoptosis when exposed to pyrin.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 29
Correct
-
In a newly diagnosed acromegaly patient, which of the following would you not expect to find?
Your Answer: Hypohidrosis
Explanation:Features of acromegaly may include:
- Soft tissue swelling visibly resulting in enlargement of the hands, feet, nose, lips and ears, and a general thickening of the skin
- Soft tissue swelling of internal organs, notably the heart with associated weakening of its muscularity, and the kidneys, vocal cords (resulting in a characteristic thick, deep voice and slowing of speech)
- Generalized expansion of the skull at the fontanelle, frontal bossing, prognathism with associated macroglossia (enlargement of the tongue) and teeth spacing.
- Hypertrichosis, hyperpigmentation and hyperhidrosis (not hypohidrosis) may occur in these patients as well as carpal tunnel syndrome and impotence.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 30
Incorrect
-
Where is thyroglobulin produced?
Your Answer: Hypothalamus
Correct Answer: Thyrocytes
Explanation:Thyroglobulin, or Tg, is a protein that functions as the precursor to thyroid hormones. It is synthesized by thyrocytes and then secreted into the colloid. It also functions as a negative-feedback regulator of thyroid hormone biosynthesis.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 31
Correct
-
Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.
Your Answer: Oxytocin and vasopressin
Explanation:The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). These hormones are stored in Herring bodies before being secreted into the bloodstream.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 32
Incorrect
-
On which chromosome is the gene for insulin located?
Your Answer: Chromosome 12
Correct Answer: Chromosome 11
Explanation:Humans have 23 pairs of chromosomes, and usually, two pairs of copies of chromosome 11. It is one of the most complex, gene-rich chromosomes in the human genome, and it is associated with a number of diseases. Studies have shown they the human insulin gene is located on the short arm of chromosome 11.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 33
Incorrect
-
Which is primarily responsible for the conversion of T4 to T3 in the periphery?
Your Answer: Iodotyrosine deiodinase
Correct Answer: Deiodinase 1
Explanation:Type 1 iodothyronine deiodinase, also known simply as deiodinase 1, is an enzyme which can produce both triiodothyronine (active form) or inactivate metabolites from T4. It is responsible for almost 80% of the conversion of peripheral T4 to T3. Iodothyronine deiodinases are not to be confused with iodotyrosine deiodinases, which are also part of the deiodinase enzymes.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 34
Incorrect
-
Embryologically the anterior pituitary is formed from?
Your Answer: Neural crest cells
Correct Answer: Rathkes pouch
Explanation:The ectoderm, located in the roof of the pharynx, forms Rathke’s pouch, which comes into contact with the ectoderm of the developing brain. The pouch eventually separates from the pharynx, becoming the anterior pituitary.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 35
Incorrect
-
Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion?
Your Answer: Somatostatin
Correct Answer: Ghrelin
Explanation:Ghrelin is a hormone which serves as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It acts on the pituitary and the hypothalamus by affecting the vagus nerve. It acts on the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary, GHRH-secreting neurons, and on GHIH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus, causing a time-dependent and pulsatile stimulation over the secretion of growth hormone.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 36
Incorrect
-
What is pendrin?
Your Answer: Na+/Cl- antiporter
Correct Answer: Cl-/i- antiporter
Explanation:Pendrin is an anion exchange transporter; it is a sodium-independent chloride-iodine exchanger which also accepts formate and bicarbonate. It is present in many different types of cells in the body, particularly the inner ear, thyroid, and kidney. Mutations in pendrin are associated with Pendred syndrome, which causes syndromic deafness and thyroid disease.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 37
Incorrect
-
Which of the following is correctly paired?
Your Answer: B cells : glucagon
Correct Answer: F cells : pancreatic polypeptide
Explanation:Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by F-cells, which represent the smallest proportion of islet cells in the pancreas. These cells establish the embryological origin of the pancreas. Pancreatic polypeptide regulates endocrine and exocrine activities by the pancreas.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 38
Incorrect
-
Compact/cortical bone makes up
Your Answer: The middle layer of most bones and accounts for 100% of bone in the body
Correct Answer: The outer layer of most bones and accounts for 80% of bone in the body
Explanation:Cortical, lamellar, or compact bone, is more dense than spongy bone and it forms the rigid, outer layer of bones, also called cortex. It consists of packed osteons, with a central osteonic canal surrounded by concentric rings. Spaces called lacunae are filled with osteocytes, and channels called canaliculi go from the lacunae to the osteonic canal. The strength of cortical bone allows it to support the body and protect organs. It also stores different elements, such as calcium.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 39
Incorrect
-
Where is the melanocortin system located?
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: Hypothalamus
Explanation:The melanocortin system is a group of hormones which include hormones from the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-co-expressing neurons. This system is located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; it also includes the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The system regulates energy expenditure and food intake.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
-
Question 40
Incorrect
-
Select the correct statement regarding the macro anatomy of the thyroid gland.
Your Answer:
Correct Answer: It surrounds the trachea at the front of the neck.
Explanation:The thyroid is located around the trachea, in the anterior portion of the neck. It is formed by two lobes which are connected by an isthmus. The presence of a pyramidal lobe, or third lobe, is considered to be a normal anatomical variant. It originates from the primitive pharynx and the neural crest and has a rich vascular supply.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Endocrinology
- Medicine
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
