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Question 1
Incorrect
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A 12-month-old baby with HIV is scheduled for his MMR vaccine. What is the most appropriate action?
Your Answer: Proceed with standard immunization schedule
Correct Answer: Don't give the vaccine
Explanation:HIV weakens the immune system, making individuals more susceptible to infections. Live attenuated vaccines, such as the MMR vaccine, contain a weakened form of the virus that could potentially cause harm to individuals with compromised immune systems. Therefore, it is not recommended to give the MMR vaccine to a 12-month-old baby with HIV.
The most appropriate action in this scenario would be to not give the vaccine. It is important to consult with a healthcare provider to discuss alternative vaccination options for the baby. Deferment of the immunization for 2 weeks may not be sufficient, as live attenuated vaccines should generally be avoided in HIV+ patients. Giving a half dose of the vaccine or administering paracetamol with future doses of the same vaccine are not appropriate actions in this case.
It is crucial to prioritize the health and safety of the baby with HIV by following the recommended guidelines for vaccination in individuals with compromised immune systems. Consulting with a healthcare provider who is knowledgeable about the specific needs of HIV+ patients is essential in making informed decisions regarding vaccination.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 2
Correct
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Complement system help dispose waste products after which natural process?
Your Answer: Apoptosis
Explanation:The complement system is a part of the immune system that enhances (complements) the ability of antibodies and phagocytic cells to clear microbes and damaged cells from an organism or apoptosis. It is part of the innate immune system.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 3
Incorrect
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Type 2 hypersensitivity is mediated by:
Your Answer: IgG only
Correct Answer: IgG, IgM & complement
Explanation:In type II hypersensitivity the antibodies, IgG and IgM bind to antigens to form complexes that activate the classical pathway of complement to eliminate cells presenting foreign antigens.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 4
Incorrect
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What is the CD4 count threshold for an increased risk of opportunistic infections?
Your Answer: < 200/mcL
Correct Answer:
Explanation:The CD4 count is a measure of the number of CD4 T cells in a person’s blood, which are a type of white blood cell that plays a crucial role in the immune system. A CD4 count below 200/mcL is considered a significant threshold because it indicates severe immunosuppression and a weakened immune system.
When the CD4 count drops below 200/mcL, the risk of opportunistic infections significantly increases. Opportunistic infections are caused by pathogens that typically do not cause illness in individuals with a healthy immune system, but can take advantage of a weakened immune system to cause severe infections. These infections can be life-threatening in individuals with HIV/AIDS or other conditions that compromise the immune system.
Therefore, it is crucial for healthcare providers to closely monitor CD4 counts in individuals with HIV/AIDS and other immunocompromised conditions to assess the risk of opportunistic infections and provide appropriate treatment and preventive measures.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
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Question 5
Incorrect
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Which of the following cells are attracted to the surface of endothelium by selectins?
Your Answer: Lymphocytes
Correct Answer: Neutrophils
Explanation:Selectins are expressed on the surface of the endothelium. P selectins are released from weibel-palade bodies and E selectins are induced by cytokines (TNF and IL-1). They bind to receptors on the neutrophils called saiyl lewis X.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 6
Correct
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Which of the following cells release histamines when they are activated by binding of specific antigens to cell fixed IgE molecules?
Your Answer: Basophils
Explanation:Mast cells and basophils both contain granules of vasoactive histamine in their cytosol. Both of them express IgE receptors on their cell surface and upon binding with a specific antigen they release their cytokines including histamine.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 7
Correct
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The predominant site in the lymph node where T lymphocytes are found is:
Your Answer: Paracortex
Explanation:Paracortex is found between the cortex and the medulla and it is composed of a non-nodular type of arrangement that is mostly made up of T cells.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 8
Incorrect
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Tumour necrosis factor is a cytokine. What is its major function?
Your Answer: Chemotaxis of neutrophils,
Correct Answer: Promotion of inflammation
Explanation:Tumour necrosis factor (TNF) is a cytokine that has a wide variety of functions. It can cause cytolysis of certain tumour cell lines; it is involved in the induction of cachexia; it is a potent pyrogen, causing fever by direct action or by stimulation of interleukin-1 secretion; it can stimulate cell proliferation and induce cell differentiation under certain conditions.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 9
Incorrect
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Neutrophils are key components of the innate immune system. They contain numerous primary and secondary granules involved in killing and digesting microorganisms. With regard to defensins, they are:
Your Answer: Part of an oxygen-dependent bactericidal system
Correct Answer: Naturally occurring cysteine-rich antibacterial and antifungal polypeptides
Explanation:Cationic antimicrobial peptides, including defensins, cathelicidins, and thrombocidins, provide important initial defences against invading microbes. These peptides bind the bacterial membrane and form pores, killing the bacterium by hypo-osmotic lysis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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Question 10
Correct
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Which cell type functions as the critical bridge between innate and adaptive immune systems, by activating naïve T lymphocytes?
Your Answer: Dendritic cells
Explanation:Dendritic cells are antigen presenting cells. They express class II MHC and T cell co-stimulatory molecules. They bind antigens and present them to native T cells and in the process activate the specific T cell against that antigen.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Immunology
- Medicine
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