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  • Question 1 - What is the fat called that serves as a considerable source of heat...

    Incorrect

    • What is the fat called that serves as a considerable source of heat in children?

      Your Answer: Red adipose tissue

      Correct Answer: Brown adipose tissue

      Explanation:

      Brown adipose tissue, also known as BAT or brown fat, coforms the adipose tissue along with white adipose tissue (WAT) or white fat. While WAT is responsible for energy-storage, BAT is involved in thermogenesis and energy expenditure. It is more prevalent in children than in adults, and its activation during adolescence is associated to less weight gain and adiposity. BAT produces heat by non-shivering thermogenesis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      37.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Where is the melanocortin system located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the melanocortin system located?

      Your Answer: Pituitary

      Correct Answer: Hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The melanocortin system is a group of hormones which include hormones from the pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)-expressing neurons, the neuropeptide Y (NPY) and agouti-related peptide (AgRP)-co-expressing neurons. This system is located in the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus; it also includes the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus and the melanocortin 4 receptor (MC4R)-expressing neurons located in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus. The system regulates energy expenditure and food intake.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      18.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by...

    Correct

    • The residual cleft of the intermediate lobe of the pituitary is lined by follicles resembling which human gland?

      Your Answer: Thyroid

      Explanation:

      The cells located between the two main pituitary lobes form what is known as the intermediate pituitary. This area secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone and it is only a few cell layers thick. It is rich in follicles filled with colloid, and lined by basophilic cells. This configuration resembles that of another important gland: the thyroid.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      35.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include all the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Physiological effects of T3 on the heart include all the following except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increased expression of β-myosin heavy chain gene

      Explanation:

      Tri-iodothyronine, also known as T3, is a hormone which can affect almost every system in the human body. In the heart, it increases the number of β1-adrenergic receptors, enhances the response to circulating catecholamines, increases the proportion of α-myosin heavy chains in the atria, and increases the expression of serca pump gene.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most common cause of primary hyperaldosteronism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Bilateral idiopathic adrenal hyperplasia

      Explanation:

      Primary aldosteronism, also known as primary hyperaldosteronism or Conn’s syndrome, is excess production of the hormone aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in low renin levels. Primary hyperaldosteronism has a number of causes. About 66% of cases are due to enlargement of both adrenal glands and 33% of cases are due to an adrenal adenoma that produces aldosterone. Other uncommon causes include adrenal cancer and an inherited disorder called familial hyperaldosteronism

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is not part of the WHO diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: High LDL

      Explanation:

      The World Health Organization 1999 criteria require the presence of any one of diabetes mellitus, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired fasting glucose or insulin resistance, AND two of the following:

      • Blood pressure: ≥ 140/90 mmHg
      • Dyslipidaemia: triglycerides (TG): ≥ 1.695 mmol/L and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) ≤ 0.9 mmol/L (male), ≤ 1.0 mmol/L (female)
      • Central obesity: waist: hip ratio > 0.90 (male); > 0.85 (female), or body mass index > 30 kg/m2
      • Microalbuminuria: urinary albumin excretion ratio ≥ 20 µg/min or albumin: creatinine ratio ≥ 30 mg/g

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following skin disorders is least commonly associated with hypothyroidism?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Pretibial myxoedema

      Explanation:

      Pretibial myxoedema is an infiltrative dermopathy, resulting as a rare complication of Graves’ disease (hyperthyroidism) and very occasionally occurs in non-thyrotoxic Graves’ disease and Hashimoto’s thyroiditis.

      Hypothyroidism typically presents with symptoms such as dry skin, brittle hair, and thinning of the outer third of the eyebrows. While skin conditions like dryness and hair changes are common in hypothyroidism due to reduced metabolic activity, acne is also not typically associated with it.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - What is pendrin? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is pendrin?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cl-/i- antiporter

      Explanation:

      Pendrin is an anion exchange transporter; it is a sodium-independent chloride-iodine exchanger which also accepts formate and bicarbonate. It is present in many different types of cells in the body, particularly the inner ear, thyroid, and kidney. Mutations in pendrin are associated with Pendred syndrome, which causes syndromic deafness and thyroid disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Within the hypothalamus, the dopamine-secreting neurones of the intrahypothalamic system have their cell...

    Incorrect

    • Within the hypothalamus, the dopamine-secreting neurones of the intrahypothalamic system have their cell bodies in which nuclei?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Arcuate

      Explanation:

      Arcuate nucleus dopaminergic neurons consist of a single group of neurons that project to the median eminence where they release dopamine into the hypophyseal portal circulation to inhibit pituitary prolactin secretion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact...

    Incorrect

    • In the microanatomy of the pituitary gland, the pituicytes present are in fact modified forms of which cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Astrocytes

      Explanation:

      Pituicytes are glial cells present in the pars nervosa, the posterior pituitary gland. Their irregular shape resembles that of astrocytes, and their cytoplasm also has intermediate filaments. They differ from astrocytes in that they have large cytoplasmic lipid droplets.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase in serum cortisol levels?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Severe emotional stress

      Explanation:

      Cortisol is widely known as the stress hormone. Alterations in cortisol levels have been found in relation to mood disorders, illness, trauma, pain, fear, exertion, and anxiety, amongst other stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Where does the pituitary gland lie? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does the pituitary gland lie?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: In a pocket of the sphenoid bone at the base of the brain

      Explanation:

      The pituitary lies in a small depression in the sphenoid bone, known as the sella turcica or Turkish saddle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area? ...

    Incorrect

    • The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Posterior hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and thermogenesis. Studies have shown that the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus which mediate the reflex of shivering are sensitive to temperature; damage to this nucleus produces hypothermia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimuli increase growth hormone secretion?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ghrelin

      Explanation:

      Ghrelin is a hormone which serves as an endogenous ligand for the growth hormone secretagogue receptor. It acts on the pituitary and the hypothalamus by affecting the vagus nerve. It acts on the somatotrophs of the anterior pituitary, GHRH-secreting neurons, and on GHIH-secreting neurons in the hypothalamus, causing a time-dependent and pulsatile stimulation over the secretion of growth hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Insulinoma

      Explanation:

      Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) or Wermer’s syndrome is part of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in the ‘three P’s’:Parathyroid (>90%): hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid hyperplasiaPituitary (15-42%)Pancreas (60-70%, e.g. insulinoma, gastrinoma)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: ß-endorphin

      Explanation:

      ß-endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide which is mainly synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland, derived from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Some studies have shown that immune system cells are also capable of synthesizing ß-endorphin. β-endorphin is thought to exert a tonic inhibitory influence upon GNRH secretion and to be an important regulator of reproductive function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?...

    Incorrect

    • Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Somatotroph

      Explanation:

      Somatotroph cells are responsible for the production of growth hormone. Somatotrophs occupy nearly 40% of the total surface area of the anterior pituitary, and they are acidophilic in nature.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The onset of puberty is triggered by ...

    Incorrect

    • The onset of puberty is triggered by

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Increase in pulsatile GNRH secretion from hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The onset of puberty is associated with high GNRH pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones. Brain tumours which increase GNRH output may also lead to premature puberty. The cause of the GNRH rise is unknown.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Choose the most correct missing words to complete the statement: A portion of...

    Incorrect

    • Choose the most correct missing words to complete the statement: A portion of circulating growth hormone is bound to the ____ receptor and activates the ____ pathway that mediates its effect.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Growth hormone receptor (extracellular domain), jak 2stat

      Explanation:

      The growth hormone receptor is a transmembrane protein involved in the STATs, MAPK and PI3-kinase/Akt pathways. The JAK-STAT signalling pathway is activated by different ligands, such as growth hormone, interferon and interleukin. This pathway is involved in the expression of genes associated with oncogenesis, immunity, proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. Errors in these pathways can produce leukaemia’s and other myeloproliferative disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - The actions of dihydrotestosterone in male reproductive physiology include: ...

    Incorrect

    • The actions of dihydrotestosterone in male reproductive physiology include:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Development of external genitalia in utero and at puberty

      Explanation:

      Dihydrotestosterone mediates the differentiation of the urogenital sinus and genital tubercles, leading to the fusion of the urethral and labial folds; thus, it leads to the development of external genitalia in the male.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrinology (1/3) 33%
Medicine (1/3) 33%
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