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  • Question 1 - A lesion to which part of the optic radiation will result in contralateral...

    Correct

    • A lesion to which part of the optic radiation will result in contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia?

      Your Answer: Right parietal lobe

      Explanation:

      A visual loss in the lower left quadrant in both visual fields is an indication of an inferior homonymous. This is due to a lesion of the superior fibres of the optic radiation in the parietal lobe on the contralateral side of the visual pathway.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      43.4
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Regarding cortical areas, which one is found in the posterior part of the...

    Correct

    • Regarding cortical areas, which one is found in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus?

      Your Answer: Broca’s area

      Explanation:

      Broca’s area is involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammar and syntax). It corresponds to the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44 and 45). These areas are defined by two rami (branches) of the lateral sulcus (one ascending, one horizontal) which ‘slice into’ the inferior frontal gyrus. In keeping with its role in speech and language, Broca’s area is immediately anterior to the motor and premotor representations of the face, tongue and larynx. A homologous area in the opposite hemisphere is involved in non-verbal communication such as facial expression, gesticulation and modulation of the rate, rhythm and intonation of speech.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      21.1
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - All of the following predisposes to lithium toxicity in patients taking long-term therapy...

    Incorrect

    • All of the following predisposes to lithium toxicity in patients taking long-term therapy EXCEPT:

      Your Answer: Co-administration of NSAIDs

      Correct Answer: Hypernatraemia

      Explanation:

      A common complication of long term lithium therapy results in most cases of lithium intoxication. It is caused by reduced excretion of the drug which can be due to several factors including deterioration of renal function, dehydration, hyponatraemia, infections, and co-administration of diuretics or NSAIDs or other drugs that may interact.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following is most likely to cause a bitemporal hemianopia: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is most likely to cause a bitemporal hemianopia:

      Your Answer: Pituitary adenoma

      Explanation:

      A bitemporal hemianopia is most likely due to compression at the optic chiasm. This may be caused by pituitary tumour, craniopharyngioma, meningioma, optic glioma or aneurysm of the internal carotid artery. A posterior cerebral stroke will most likely result in a contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      20.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect: ...

    Correct

    • Which of these is NOT a lithium side effect:

      Your Answer: Peptic ulcer disease

      Explanation:

      Adverse Effects of lithium Include

      Leucocytosis (most patients)
      Polyuria/polydipsia (30-50%)
      Dry mouth (20-50%)
      Hand tremor (45% initially, 10% after 1 year of treatment)
      Confusion (40%)
      Decreased memory (40%)
      Headache (40%)
      Muscle weakness (30% initially, 1% after 1 year of treatment)
      Electrocardiographic (ECG) changes (20-30%)
      Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea (10-30% initially, 1-10% after 1-2 years of treatment)
      Hyperreflexia (15%)
      Muscle twitch (15%)
      Vertigo (15%)
      Extrapyramidal symptoms, goitre (5%)
      Hypothyroidism (1-4%)
      Acne (1%)
      Hair thinning (1%)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      12.2
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - At which opioid receptors do opioid analgesics act primarily? ...

    Correct

    • At which opioid receptors do opioid analgesics act primarily?

      Your Answer: Mu

      Explanation:

      Opioid receptors are widely distributed throughout the central nervous system. Opioid analgesics mimic endogenous opioid peptides by causing prolonged activation of these receptors, mainly the mu(μ)-receptors which are the most highly concentrated in brain areas involved in nociception.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      15.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A 70-year-old woman presents with right-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on...

    Incorrect

    • A 70-year-old woman presents with right-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on the body as well as left-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on the face. She also has complaints of vertigo, nausea, and tinnitus. Further examination of her cranial nerves suggest the presence of Horner's Syndrome. An MRI and CT scan was ordered and results showed that she is suffering from a left-sided stroke.

      Branches of which of the following arteries are most likely implicated in the case?

      Your Answer: Anterior spinal artery

      Correct Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

      Explanation:

      Wallenberg syndrome is also known as lateral medullary syndrome and posterior inferior cerebellar artery syndrome. It is the most common posterior circulation ischemic stroke syndrome. The primary pathology of Wallenberg syndrome is occlusion of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) or one of its branches.

      It is characterized by vertigo with nystagmus, nausea and vomiting, and sometimes hiccups, dysphonia, dysarthria, and dysphagia often present with ipsilateral loss of gag reflex, ipsilateral ataxia with a tendency to fall to the ipsilateral side, pain and numbness with impaired facial sensation on the face, impaired taste sensation, and impaired pain and temperature sensation in the arms and legs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      49.3
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Carbamazepine is indicated for all of the following EXCEPT for: ...

    Incorrect

    • Carbamazepine is indicated for all of the following EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer: Simple focal seizures

      Correct Answer: Myoclonic seizures

      Explanation:

      Carbamazepine is a drug of choice for simple and complex focal seizures and is a first-line treatment option for generalised tonic-clonic seizures. It is also used in trigeminal neuralgia and diabetic neuropathy. Carbamazepine may exacerbate tonic, atonic, myoclonic and absence seizures and is therefore not recommended if these seizures are present.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - A 7-year old boy is referred to the Paediatrics Department due to slurred...

    Correct

    • A 7-year old boy is referred to the Paediatrics Department due to slurred speech. Upon further examination, the attending physician noted the presence of dysdiadochokinesia, intention tremors, and nystagmus. An MRI is taken, which revealed a brain tumour.

      Which of the following options is the most probable diagnosis given the clinical features of the patient?

      Your Answer: Astrocytoma of cerebellum

      Explanation:

      Pilocytic astrocytoma (PCA), previously known as cystic cerebellar astrocytoma or juvenile pilocytic astrocytoma, was first described in 1931 by Harvey Cushing, based on a case series of cerebellar astrocytomas; though he never used these terms but rather described a spongioblastoma. They are low-grade, and usually well-circumscribed tumours, which tend to occur in young patients. By the World Health Organization (WHO) classification of central nervous system tumours, they are considered grade I gliomas and have a good prognosis.

      PCA most commonly occurs in the cerebellum but can also occur in the optic pathway, hypothalamus, and brainstem. They can also occur in the cerebral hemispheres, although this tends to be the case in young adults. Presentation and treatment vary for PCA in other locations. Glial cells include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, ependymal cells, and microglia. Astrocytic tumours arise from astrocytes and are the most common tumour of glial origin. The WHO 2016 categorized these tumours as either diffuse gliomas or other astrocytic tumours. Diffuse gliomas include grade II and III diffuse astrocytomas, grade IV glioblastoma, and diffuse gliomas of childhood. The other astrocytic tumours group include PCA, pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, subependymal giant cell astrocytoma, and anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma.

      PCA can present with symptoms secondary to the posterior fossa mass effect. This may include obstructive hydrocephalus, with resultant headache, nausea and vomiting, and papilledema. If hydrocephalus occurs before the fusion of the cranial sutures (<18-months-of-age), then an increase in head circumference will likely occur. Lesions of the cerebellar hemisphere result in peripheral ataxia, dysmetria, intention tremor, nystagmus, and dysarthria. In contrast, lesions of the vermis cause a broad-based gait, truncal ataxia, and titubation. Posterior fossa lesions can also cause cranial nerve palsies. Diplopia may occur due to abducens palsy from the stretching of the nerve. They may also have blurred vision due to papilledema. Seizures are rare with posterior fossa lesions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      23.5
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A 70-year-old man has a resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a shuffling gait....

    Correct

    • A 70-year-old man has a resting tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and a shuffling gait. Parkinson's disease is caused by one of the following mechanisms:

      Your Answer: Loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra

      Explanation:

      Parkinson’s disease (PD) is one of the most common neurologic disorders, affecting approximately 1% of individuals older than 60 years and causing progressive disability that can be slowed but not halted, by treatment. The 2 major neuropathologic findings in Parkinson’s disease are loss of pigmented dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta and the presence of Lewy bodies and Lewy neurites. See the images below.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      35.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of these drugs may reduce the efficacy of contraception? ...

    Correct

    • Which of these drugs may reduce the efficacy of contraception?

      Your Answer: Carbamazepine

      Explanation:

      Antiepileptic medications such as carbamazepine (Tegretol), topiramate (Topamax), and phenytoin (Dilantin) are widely known for reducing the contraceptive effectiveness of OCPs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      17.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - A patient presents complaining of visual loss. On examination you note a contralateral...

    Incorrect

    • A patient presents complaining of visual loss. On examination you note a contralateral homonymous hemianopia. Where is the most likely site of the lesion:

      Your Answer: Upper optic radiation

      Correct Answer: Optic tract

      Explanation:

      At the optic chiasm, fibres from the medial (nasal) half of each retina crossover, forming the right and left optic tracts.
      The left optic tract contains fibres from the left lateral (temporal) retina and the right medial retina.
      The right optic tract contains fibres from the right lateral retina and the left medial retina.
      Each optic tract travels to its corresponding cerebral hemisphere to reach its lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) located in the thalamus where the fibres synapse.
      A lesion of the optic tract will cause a contralateral homonymous hemianopia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      41.7
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - What type of visual field defect are you likely to see in a...

    Correct

    • What type of visual field defect are you likely to see in a lesion of the visual cortex:

      Your Answer: Contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

      Explanation:

      A lesion of the visual cortex will result in a contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      24.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - A well recognised adverse effect of metoclopramide is which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • A well recognised adverse effect of metoclopramide is which of the following?

      Your Answer: Acute dystonic reaction

      Explanation:

      Side effects of metoclopramide are commonly associated with extrapyramidal effects and hyperprolactinemia. Therefore its use must be limited to short-term use. Metoclopramide can induce acute dystonic reactions which involve facial and skeletal muscle spasms and oculogyric crises. These dystonic effects are more common in the young girls and young women, and in the very old. These symptoms usually occur shortly after starting treatment with this drug and subside within 24 hours of stopping it. Abortion of dystonic attacks can be carried out by injection of an antiparkinsonian drug like procyclidine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      26.6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - A patient diagnosed with cranial nerve palsy exhibits asymmetrical movement of the palate,...

    Correct

    • A patient diagnosed with cranial nerve palsy exhibits asymmetrical movement of the palate, nasal regurgitation of food, and nasal quality to the voice.

      Which of the following cranial nerves is most likely responsible for the aforementioned features?

      Your Answer: Vagus nerve

      Explanation:

      The vagus nerve, ‘the wanderer’, contains motor fibres (to the palate and vocal cords), sensory components (posterior and floor of external acoustic meatus) and visceral afferent and efferent fibres.

      Palatal weakness can cause nasal speech and nasal regurgitation of food. The palate moves asymmetrically when the patient says ‘ahh’. Recurrent nerve palsy results in hoarseness, loss of volume and ‘bovine cough’.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      18.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - A 54 year old patient presents with vertigo, ipsilateral hemiataxia, dysarthria, ptosis and...

    Incorrect

    • A 54 year old patient presents with vertigo, ipsilateral hemiataxia, dysarthria, ptosis and miosis.

      Which of these blood vessels has most likely been occluded?

      Your Answer: Superior cerebellar artery

      Correct Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

      Explanation:

      Posterior inferior cerebellar artery (PICA) occlusion is characterised by vertigo, ipsilateral hemiataxia, dysarthria, ptosis and miosis. PICA occlusion causes infarction of the posterior inferior cerebellum, inferior cerebellar vermis and lateral medulla.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      61.1
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - A 70-year-old man presents with right-sided hemiplegia and loss of joint position sense,...

    Incorrect

    • A 70-year-old man presents with right-sided hemiplegia and loss of joint position sense, vibratory sense, and discriminatory touch. Upon further physical examination, it was observed that her tongue deviates to the left-hand side. An MRI and CT scan was ordered and results showed that he was suffering a left-sided stroke.

      Which of the following is considered the best diagnosis for the case presented above?

      Your Answer: Lateral medullary syndrome

      Correct Answer: Medial medullary syndrome

      Explanation:

      Medial medullary syndrome is a form of stroke that affects the medial medulla of the brain. It is caused by a lesion in the medial part of the medulla, which is due to an infraction of vertebral arteries and/or paramedian branches of the anterior spinal artery.

      It is characterized by contralateral paralysis of the upper and lower limb of the body, a contralateral decrease in proprioception, vibration, and/or fine touch sensation, paresthesias or less commonly dysesthesias in the contralateral trunk and lower limb, and loss of position and vibration sense with proprioceptive dysfunction. Ipsilateral deviation of the tongue due to ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve damage can also be seen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      34.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - A 65-year-old man complains of severe vertigo, nausea, and tinnitus. Upon presenting himself...

    Incorrect

    • A 65-year-old man complains of severe vertigo, nausea, and tinnitus. Upon presenting himself to the emergency room, it was observed that he is exhibiting ataxia, right-sided loss of pain and temperature sense on the face, and left-sided sensory loss to the body. An MRI and CT scan was ordered and the results showed that he is suffering from a right-sided stroke.

      Branches of which of the following arteries are most likely implicated in the case?

      Your Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

      Correct Answer: Basilar artery

      Explanation:

      The lateral pontine syndrome occurs due to occlusion of perforating branches of the basilar and anterior inferior cerebellar (AICA) arteries. It is also known as Marie-Foix syndrome or Marie-Foix-Alajouanine syndrome. It is considered one of the brainstem stroke syndromes of the lateral aspect of the pons.

      It is characterized by ipsilateral limb ataxia, loss of pain and temperature sensation of the face, facial weakness, hearing loss, vertigo and nystagmus, hemiplegia/hemiparesis, and loss of pain and temperature sensation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      33.6
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The sensation produced by touching the arm with a vibrating tuning fork during...

    Correct

    • The sensation produced by touching the arm with a vibrating tuning fork during a neurological examination is mediated by which of the following spinal tracts:

      Your Answer: Posterior column

      Explanation:

      Fine-touch, proprioception and vibration sensation are mediated by the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      14
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following statements is true about anterior cord syndrome? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements is true about anterior cord syndrome?

      Your Answer: There is preservation of proprioception

      Explanation:

      Anterior cord syndrome is an incomplete cord syndrome that predominantly affects the anterior 2/3 of the spinal cord, characteristically resulting in motor paralysis below the level of the lesion as well as the loss of pain and temperature at and below the level of the lesion. The patient presentation typically includes these two findings; however, there is variability depending on the portion of the spinal cord affected. Other findings include back pain, or autonomic dysfunction such as hypotension, neurogenic bowel or bladder, and sexual dysfunction. The severity of motor dysfunction can vary, typically resulting in paraplegia or quadriplegia.

      Proprioception, vibratory sense, two-point discrimination, and fine touch are not affected in anterior cord syndrome. These sensations are under the control of the dorsal column of the spinal cord, which is supplied by two posterior spinal arteries running in the posterior lateral sulci.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      20.5
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is first-line for management of status epilepticus:

      Your Answer: Intravenous lorazepam

      Explanation:

      First-line treatment is with intravenous lorazepam if available. Intravenous diazepam is effective but it carries a high risk of thrombophlebitis so should only be used if intravenous lorazepam is not immediately available. Absorption of diazepam from intramuscular injection or from suppositories is too slow for treatment of status epilepticus. When facilities for resuscitation are not immediately available or if unable to secure immediate intravenous access, diazepam can be administered as a rectal solution or midazolam oromucosal solution can be given into the buccal cavity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of...

    Correct

    • Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of the temporal lobe:

      Your Answer: Receptive dysphasia

      Explanation:

      Damage to the Wernicke’s speech area in the temporal lobe can result in a receptive dysphasia. Hemispatial neglect is most likely to occur in a lesion of the parietal lobe. Homonymous hemianopia is most likely to occur in a lesion of the occipital lobe. Expressive dysphasia is most likely to occur in a lesion of the Broca speech area in the frontal lobe. Conjugate eye deviation towards the side of the lesion is most likely to occur in a lesion of the frontal lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      9.1
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - You suspect that your patient with polycystic kidney disease has developed a berry...

    Correct

    • You suspect that your patient with polycystic kidney disease has developed a berry aneurysm as a complication of his disease. The patient complains of a sudden, severe headache. You are guessing subarachnoid haemorrhage secondary to a ruptured berry aneurysm as the cause of his severe headaches. What is the most likely location of his aneurysm?

      Your Answer: Anterior communicating artery

      Explanation:

      One of the complications that polycystic kidney disease may cause is the development of a brain aneurysm.

      A berry aneurysm is the most common type of brain aneurysm.

      The Circle of Willis, where the major blood vessels meet at the base of the brain, is where it usually appears. The most common junctions of the Circle of Willis where an aneurysm may occur include the anterior communicating artery (35%), internal carotid artery (30%), the posterior communicating artery and the middle cerebral artery (22%), and finally, the posterior circulation sites, most commonly the basilar artery tip.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      15.6
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following is a contraindication for aspirin? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a contraindication for aspirin?

      Your Answer: Thrombophilia

      Correct Answer: Children under 16 years

      Explanation:

      Aspirin contraindications include: hypersensitivity to NSAIDs; asthma, rhinitis, and nasal polyps; and usage in children or teens.
      There is little evidence of allergic cross-reactivity for salicylates. However, due to similarities in chemical structure and/or pharmacologic activities, the possibility of cross-sensitivity cannot be completely ruled out.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to treatment with aspirin at...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a contraindication to treatment with aspirin at analgesic doses:

      Your Answer: Severe cardiac failure

      Correct Answer: Myasthenia gravis

      Explanation:

      Aspirin (at analgesic doses) is contraindicated in:
      People with a history of true hypersensitivity to aspirin or salicylates (symptoms of hypersensitivity to aspirin or salicylates include bronchospasm, urticaria, angioedema, and vasomotor rhinitis)
      People with active or previous peptic ulceration
      People with haemophilia or another bleeding disorder
      Children younger than 16 years of age (risk of Reye’s syndrome)
      People with severe cardiac failure
      People with severe hepatic impairment
      People with severe renal impairment

      N.B. Owing to an association with Reye’s syndrome, aspirin-containing preparations should not be given to children under 16 years, unless specifically indicated, e.g. for Kawasaki disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      10
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - After what time period should intravenous phenytoin be used as second-line treatment of...

    Incorrect

    • After what time period should intravenous phenytoin be used as second-line treatment of status epilepticus?

      Your Answer: 10 minutes

      Correct Answer: 25 minutes

      Explanation:

      If seizures recur or fail to respond after initial treatment with benzodiazepines within 25 minutes of onset, phenytoin sodium, fosphenytoin sodium, or phenobarbital sodium should be used.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      17.3
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Carbamazepine is contraindicated in which of the following: ...

    Correct

    • Carbamazepine is contraindicated in which of the following:

      Your Answer: Atrioventricular block

      Explanation:

      Carbamazepine is contraindicated in:
      – People with known hypersensitivity to carbamazepine or structurally related drugs
      – People with atrioventricular block (may suppress AV conduction and ventricular automaticity)
      – People with a history of bone marrow depression (risk of agranulocytosis and aplastic anaemia)
      – People with a history of acute porphyrias
      – People taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (risk of serotonin syndrome)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      10.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - What type of visual field defect are you most likely to see in...

    Incorrect

    • What type of visual field defect are you most likely to see in a lesion of the parietal optic radiation:

      Your Answer: Homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing

      Correct Answer: Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia

      Explanation:

      A lesion of the parietal optic radiation will result in a contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia.
      A lesion of the temporal optic radiation will result in a contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      16.2
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Which of the following is NOT a side effect of phenytoin: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a side effect of phenytoin:

      Your Answer: Gum hypertrophy

      Correct Answer: Ototoxicity

      Explanation:

      Adverse effects of phenytoin include:
      Nausea and vomiting
      Drowsiness, lethargy, and loss of concentration
      Headache, dizziness, tremor, nystagmus and ataxia
      Gum enlargement or overgrowth
      Coarsening of facial features, acne and hirsutism
      Skin rashes
      Blood disorders

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      22.2
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which of the following is NOT a typical cerebellar sign: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical cerebellar sign:

      Your Answer: Hypertonia

      Explanation:

      Hypotonia means decreased muscle tone. It can be a condition on its own, called benign congenital hypotonia, or it can be indicative of another problem where there is progressive loss of muscle tone, such as muscular dystrophy or cerebral palsy. It is usually detected during infancy. Hypotonia is characteristic of cerebellar dysfunction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Regarding aspirin at analgesic doses, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding aspirin at analgesic doses, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: The increased production of prostaglandins can irritate gastric mucosa.

      Correct Answer: It is contraindicated in patients with severe heart failure.

      Explanation:

      Aspirin (at analgesic doses) is contraindicated in severe heart failure. Aspirin irreversibly inhibits cyclooxygenase (COX) enzymes resulting in decreased production of prostaglandins (which can lead to irritation of the gastric mucosa). The analgesic dose is greater than the antiplatelet dose, and taken orally it has a duration of action of about 4 hours. Clinical features of salicylate toxicity in overdose include hyperventilation, tinnitus, deafness, vasodilatation, and sweating.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      24.7
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - A 34-year-old man presents with loss of vision in his left eye due...

    Correct

    • A 34-year-old man presents with loss of vision in his left eye due to an episode of optic neuritis. Upon history taking, it was noted that he has a history of multiple sclerosis.

      Which of the following anatomical points in the visual pathway has the lesion occurred?

      Your Answer: Optic nerve

      Explanation:

      A lesion in the optic nerve causes ipsilateral monocular visual loss.
      Optic neuritis is an inflammatory demyelination of the optic nerve that is highly associated with multiple sclerosis. The two most common symptoms of optic neuritis are vision loss and eye pain.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      16.9
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion...

    Incorrect

    • A patient complains of headache and visual loss. CT scan demonstrates a lesion of the temporal lobe. What type of visual field defect would you most expect to see in this patient:

      Your Answer: Contralateral homonymous inferior quadrantanopia

      Correct Answer: Contralateral homonymous superior quadrantanopia

      Explanation:

      Axons from the lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) carry visual information, via the upper and lower optic radiations, to the visual cortex in the occipital lobe:
      The upper optic radiation carries fibres from the superior retinal quadrants (corresponding to the inferior visual field quadrants) and travels through the parietal lobe to reach the visual cortex.
      The lower optic radiation carries fibres from the inferior retinal quadrants (corresponding to the superior visual field quadrants) and travels through the temporal lobe to reach the visual cortex of the occipital lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      20.2
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - Which of the following is an adverse effect of carbamazepine: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is an adverse effect of carbamazepine:

      Your Answer: Ototoxicity

      Correct Answer: Aplastic anaemia

      Explanation:

      Common adverse effects include nausea and vomiting, sedation, dizziness, headache, blurred vision and ataxia. These adverse effects are dose related and are most common at the start of treatment.
      Other adverse effects include:
      Allergic skin reactions (and rarely, more serious dermatological conditions)
      Hyponatraemia (avoid concomitant use with diuretics)
      Leucopenia, thrombocytopenia and other blood disorders including aplastic anaemia
      Hepatic impairment

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - If a lesion is observed in Broca's area, which function is expected to...

    Correct

    • If a lesion is observed in Broca's area, which function is expected to become affected?

      Your Answer: Formation of words

      Explanation:

      The primary functions of the Broca area are both language production and comprehension. While the exact role in the production is still unclear, many believe that it directly impacts the motor movements to allow for speech. Although originally thought to only aid in speech production, lesions in the area can rarely be related to impairments in the comprehension of language. Different regions of the Broca area specialize in various aspects of comprehension. The anterior portion helps with semantics, or word meaning, while the posterior is associated with phonology, or how words sound. The Broca area is also necessary for language repetition, gesture production, sentence grammar and fluidity, and the interpretation of others’ actions.

      Broca’s aphasia is a non-fluent aphasia in which the output of spontaneous speech is markedly diminished and there is a loss of normal grammatical structure. Specifically, small linking words, conjunctions, such as and, or, and but, and the use of prepositions are lost. Patients may exhibit interjectional speech where there is a long latency, and the words that are expressed are produced as if under pressure. The ability to repeat phrases is also impaired in patients with Broca’s aphasia. Despite these impairments, the words that are produced are often intelligible and contextually correct. In pure Broca’s aphasia, comprehension is intact.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - Which of the following statements is correct regarding paracetamol? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements is correct regarding paracetamol?

      Your Answer: Liver damage peaks 3 to 4 days after paracetamol ingestion.

      Explanation:

      The maximum daily dose of paracetamol in an adult is 4 grams. Doses greater than this can lead to hepatotoxicity and, less frequently, acute kidney injury. Early symptoms of paracetamol toxicity include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and usually settle within 24 hours. Symptoms of liver damage include right subcostal pain and tenderness, and this peaks 3 to 4 days after paracetamol ingestion. Other signs of hepatic toxicity include encephalopathy, bleeding, hypoglycaemia, and cerebral oedema.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - A 22-year-old student presents with severe headache accompanied with nausea and vomiting. Upon...

    Correct

    • A 22-year-old student presents with severe headache accompanied with nausea and vomiting. Upon observation and examination, it was noted that he is febrile and Kernig's sign is positive. A diagnosis of meningitis was suspected and a lumbar puncture was to be performed.

      Which of the following statements regarding meningitis is true?

      Your Answer: The dura mater is the outermost layer

      Explanation:

      Meningitis is defined as the inflammation of the meninges due to an infection caused by a bacteria or a virus. Symptoms usually include stiffness of the neck, headache, and fever.
      There are 3 meningeal layers that surround the spinal cord and they are the dura mater, arachnoid matter, and pia mater.

      The dura mater is the outermost and thickest layer out of all the 3 layers.
      The arachnoid atter is the middle layer, and is very thin.
      The third and deepest meningeal layer is the pia mater that is bound tightly to the surface of the spinal cord.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      85.6
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - What is the main mechanism of action of cyclizine: ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main mechanism of action of cyclizine:

      Your Answer: Histamine-H2 antagonist

      Correct Answer: Histamine-H1 antagonist

      Explanation:

      Antihistamines e.g. cyclizine, are effective against nausea and vomiting caused by many different conditions, including motion sickness and vertigo. These agents act by inhibiting histamine pathways, and cholinergic pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. There is no evidence that any one antihistamine is superior to another but their duration of action and incidence of adverse effects differ. Adverse effects include drowsiness and antimuscarinic effects such as blurred vision, dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation and confusion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - Regarding paracetamol, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding paracetamol, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: It has anti-pyretic action.

      Explanation:

      Paracetamol is a non-opioid analgesic, similar in efficacy to aspirin, with antipyretic properties but no anti-inflammatory properties. It is well absorbed orally and does not cause gastric irritation. Paracetamol is a suitable first-line choice for most people with mild-to-moderate pain, and for combination therapy.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      15
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Which of the following is a well recognised adverse effect of prochlorperazine: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a well recognised adverse effect of prochlorperazine:

      Your Answer: Acute dystonic reaction

      Explanation:

      Adverse actions include anticholinergic effects such as drowsiness, dry mouth, and blurred vision, extrapyramidal effects, and postural hypotension. Phenothiazines can all induce acute dystonic reactions such as facial and skeletal muscle spasms and oculogyric crises; children (especially girls, young women, and those under 10 kg) are particularly susceptible.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 41 - Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of lithium toxicity: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical feature of lithium toxicity:

      Your Answer: Arrhythmias

      Correct Answer: Miosis

      Explanation:

      Features of toxicity include:
      Increasing gastrointestinal disturbances (vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia)
      Visual disturbances
      Polyuria and incontinence
      Muscle weakness and tremor
      Tinnitus
      CNS disturbances (dizziness, confusion and drowsiness increasing to lack of coordination, restlessness, stupor)
      Abnormal reflexes and myoclonus
      Hypernatraemia
      With severe overdosage (serum-lithium concentration > 2 mmol/L) seizures, cardiac arrhythmias (including sinoatrial block, bradycardia and first-degree heart block), blood pressure changes, electrolyte imbalance, circulatory failure, renal failure, coma and sudden death may occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 42 - An 80-year-old woman with history of hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic stroke, presents with...

    Correct

    • An 80-year-old woman with history of hypertension, diabetes, and ischemic stroke, presents with left-sided hemiplegia of the face, tongue, and limbs and right-sided deficits in motor eye activity. A CT scan was ordered and showed a right-sided stroke.

      Branches of which of the following arteries are most likely implicated in the case?

      Your Answer: Basilar artery

      Explanation:

      Weber syndrome is a midbrain stroke characterized by crossed hemiplegia along with oculomotor nerve deficits and it occurs with the occlusion of the median and/or paramedian perforating branches of the basilar artery.

      Typical clinical findings include ipsilateral CN III palsy, ptosis, and mydriasis (such as damage to parasympathetic fibres of CN III) with contralateral hemiplegia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      69.4
      Seconds

  • Question 43 - A 70-year-old man presents with right-sided hemiplegia and loss of joint position sense,...

    Incorrect

    • A 70-year-old man presents with right-sided hemiplegia and loss of joint position sense, vibratory sense, and discriminatory touch. Upon further physical examination, it was observed that her tongue deviates to the left-hand side. An MRI and CT scan was ordered and results showed that he was suffering a left-sided stroke.

      Branches of which of the following arteries are most likely implicated in the case?

      Your Answer: Posterior inferior cerebellar artery

      Correct Answer: Anterior spinal artery

      Explanation:

      Medial medullary syndrome is a form of stroke that affects the medial medulla of the brain. It is caused by a lesion in the medial part of the medulla, which is due to an infraction of vertebral arteries and/or paramedian branches of the anterior spinal artery.

      It is characterized by contralateral paralysis of the upper and lower limb of the body, a contralateral decrease in proprioception, vibration, and/or fine touch sensation, paresthesias or less commonly dysesthesias in the contralateral trunk and lower limb, and loss of position and vibration sense with proprioceptive dysfunction. Ipsilateral deviation of the tongue due to ipsilateral hypoglossal nerve damage can also be seen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      45.6
      Seconds

  • Question 44 - Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of opioid analgesics:...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical side effect of opioid analgesics:

      Your Answer: Diarrhoea

      Explanation:

      All opioids have the potential to cause:
      Gastrointestinal effects – Nausea, vomiting, constipation, difficulty with micturition (urinary retention), biliary spasm
      Central nervous system effects – Sedation, euphoria, respiratory depression, miosis
      Cardiovascular effects – Peripheral vasodilation, postural hypotension
      Dependence and tolerance

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 45 - What is the main mechanism of action of metoclopramide: ...

    Correct

    • What is the main mechanism of action of metoclopramide:

      Your Answer: Dopamine antagonist

      Explanation:

      Metoclopramide is a dopamine-receptor antagonist. Blockade of inhibitory dopamine receptors in the GI tract may allow stimulatory actions of ACh at muscarinic synapses to predominate. Metoclopramide also blocks dopamine D2-receptors within the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ). At high doses, it is also thought to have some 5-HT3antagonist activity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      5.1
      Seconds

  • Question 46 - A 26 year old horse rider has a bad fall and sustains a...

    Incorrect

    • A 26 year old horse rider has a bad fall and sustains a neck injury which displays the following signs:
      - ability to extend the wrist against gravity
      - paralysis of the hands, trunk, and legs
      - absent sensation in the fingers and medial upper arms
      - normal sensation over the thumbs
      - absent sensation in chest, abdomen, and legs

      What is the neurological level of the injury?

      Your Answer: C5

      Correct Answer: C6

      Explanation:

      C1 – C4 INJURY
      Most severe of the spinal cord injury levels; paralysis in arms, hands, trunk and legs; patient may not be able to breathe on his or her own, cough, or control bowel or bladder movements; ability to speak is sometimes impaired or reduced

      C5 INJURY
      Person can raise his or her arms and bend elbows; likely to have some or total paralysis of wrists, hands, trunk and legs; can speak and use diaphragm, but breathing will be weakened

      C6 INJURY
      Nerves affect wrist extension; paralysis in hands, trunk and legs, typically; should be able to bend wrists back; can speak and use diaphragm, but breathing will be weakened

      C7 INJURY
      Nerves control elbow extension and some finger extension; most can straighten their arm and have normal movement of their shoulders

      C8 INJURY
      Nerves control some hand movement; should be able to grasp and release objects

      C5 – Elbow flexors (biceps, brachialis)
      C6 – Wrist extensors (extensor carpi radialis longus and brevis)
      C7 – Elbow extensors (triceps)
      C8 – Finger flexors (flexor digitorum profundus) to the middle finger

      C5 – Elbow flexed at 90 degrees, arm at the patient’s side and forearm supinated
      C6 – Wrist in full extension
      C7 – Shoulder is neutral rotation, adducted and in 90 degrees of flexion with elbow in 45 degrees of flexion
      C8 –Full flexed position of the distal phalanx with the proximal finger joints stabilized in a extended position

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      148.5
      Seconds

  • Question 47 - Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of the frontal lobe:

      Your Answer: Hemispatial neglect

      Correct Answer: Conjugate eye deviation towards the side of the lesion

      Explanation:

      Conjugate eye deviation towards the side of the lesion is seen in damage to the frontal eye field of the frontal lobe. Homonymous hemianopia is typically a result of damage to the occipital lobe (or of the optic radiation passing through the parietal and temporal lobes). Auditory agnosia may been seen in a lesion of the temporal lobe. Hemispatial neglect may be seen in a lesion of the parietal lobe. Receptive dysphasia is seen in damage to Wernicke’s area, in the temporal lobe.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      11.9
      Seconds

  • Question 48 - In the emergency room, a 28-year-old woman complains of wobbly and slurred speech,...

    Correct

    • In the emergency room, a 28-year-old woman complains of wobbly and slurred speech, is unable to do the heel-shin test, and has nystagmus. The following signs are most likely related to damage to which of the following areas:

      Your Answer: Cerebellum

      Explanation:

      Cerebellar injury causes delayed and disorganized motions. When walking, people with cerebellar abnormalities sway and stagger.

      Damage to the cerebellum can cause asynergia, the inability to judge distance and when to stop, dysmetria, the inability to perform rapid alternating movements or adiadochokinesia, movement tremors, staggering, wide-based walking or ataxic gait, a proclivity to fall, weak muscles or hypotonia, slurred speech or ataxic dysarthria, and abnormal eye movements or nystagmus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 49 - Regarding antiemetics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding antiemetics, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Cyclizine acts by inhibiting histamine pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre.

      Correct Answer: Of the antiemetics, cyclizine is most commonly associated with acute dystonic reactions.

      Explanation:

      Cyclizine acts by inhibiting histamine pathways and cholinergic pathways involved in transmission from the vestibular apparatus to the vomiting centre. Metoclopramide is a dopamine-receptor antagonist which acts both peripherally in the GI tract and centrally within the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Prochlorperazine is a dopamine-D2 receptor antagonist and acts centrally by blocking the chemoreceptor trigger zone. Metoclopramide and prochlorperazine are both commonly associated with extrapyramidal effects, such as acute dystonic reaction. Cyclizine may rarely cause extrapyramidal effects.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      13.3
      Seconds

  • Question 50 - Which of the following is most likely to cause a homonymous hemianopia: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is most likely to cause a homonymous hemianopia:

      Your Answer: Pituitary adenoma

      Correct Answer: Posterior cerebral artery stroke

      Explanation:

      A posterior cerebral stroke will most likely result in a contralateral homonymous hemianopia with macular sparing.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      19.1
      Seconds

  • Question 51 - Which of the following tracts must be affected if a patient presents with...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following tracts must be affected if a patient presents with decreased pain and temperature sensation in both lower extremities?

      Your Answer: The anterior spinothalamic tract

      Correct Answer: The lateral spinothalamic tract

      Explanation:

      The main function of the spinothalamic tract is to carry pain and temperature via the lateral part of the pathway and crude touch via the anterior part. The spinothalamic tract pathway is an imperative sensory pathway in human survival because it enables one to move away from noxious stimuli by carrying pain and temperature information from the skin to the thalamus where it is processed and transmitted to the primary sensory cortex. The primary sensory cortex communicates with the primary motor cortex, which lies close to it, to generate rapid movement in response to potentially harmful stimuli. Furthermore, the spinothalamic tract has a role in responding to pruritogens, causing us to itch. Interestingly, itching suppresses the spinothalamic tract neuron response to the histamine effect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      17.4
      Seconds

  • Question 52 - Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of opioid analgesics: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a contraindication to the use of opioid analgesics:

      Your Answer: Raised intracranial pressure

      Explanation:

      Opioids should be avoided in people who have:
      A risk of paralytic ileus (opioids reduce gastric motility)
      Acute respiratory depressionAn acute exacerbation of asthma (opioids can aggravate bronchoconstriction as a result of histamine release)
      Conditions associated with increased intracranial pressure including head injury (opioids can interfere with pupillary response making neurological assessment difficult and may cause retention of carbon dioxide aggravating the increased intracranial pressure)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8.8
      Seconds

  • Question 53 - Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of amitriptyline: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is NOT an adverse effect of amitriptyline:

      Your Answer: Hypokalaemia

      Explanation:

      Adverse effects include:
      Antimuscarinic effects: Dry mouth, Blurred vision, Constipation, Urinary retention, Sedation, Confusion
      Cardiovascular effects: Heart block, Arrhythmias, Tachycardia, Postural hypotension, QT-interval prolongation, Hepatic impairment, Narrow-angle glaucoma

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 54 - Which of the following cervical nerves is likely to be affected if your...

    Correct

    • Which of the following cervical nerves is likely to be affected if your patient is complaining of elbow extension weakness and loss of sensation in her middle finger? She also has pain and tenderness in her cervical region, which is caused by a herniated disc, all after a whiplash-type injury in a car accident.

      Your Answer: C7

      Explanation:

      A C7 spinal nerve controls elbow extension and some finger extension.

      Damage to this nerve can result in a burning pain in the shoulder blade or back of the arms. The ability to extend shoulders, arms, and fingers may also be affected. Dexterity may also be compromised in the hands or fingers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      21.1
      Seconds

  • Question 55 - Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following clinical features is most suggestive of a lesion of the occipital lobe:

      Your Answer: Conjugate eye deviation

      Correct Answer: Homonymous hemianopia

      Explanation:

      Homonymous hemianopia is a visual field defect involving either the two right or the two left halves of the visual fields of both eyes. It is caused by lesions of the retrochiasmal visual pathways, ie, lesions of the optic tract, the lateral geniculate nucleus, the optic radiations, and the cerebral visual (occipital) cortex

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      18.5
      Seconds

  • Question 56 - You are reviewing a patient complaining of loss of vision. Previous images shows...

    Correct

    • You are reviewing a patient complaining of loss of vision. Previous images shows a lesion at the optic chiasm. What type of visual field defect are you most likely to see in a lesion at the optic chiasm:

      Your Answer: Bitemporal hemianopia

      Explanation:

      A lesion at the optic chiasm will result in a bitemporal hemianopia.
      A lesion of the optic nerve will result in ipsilateral monocular visual loss.
      A lesion of the optic tract will result in a contralateral homonymous hemianopia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      17.8
      Seconds

  • Question 57 - You proceed to administer lorazepam intravenously to a 21-year-old patient with status epilepticus....

    Correct

    • You proceed to administer lorazepam intravenously to a 21-year-old patient with status epilepticus. Which of the following best describes lorazepam's action?

      Your Answer: Potentiates effect of GABA

      Explanation:

      Lorazepam is a type of benzodiazepine.

      Benzodiazepines are gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptor agonists with sedative, hypnotic, anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, and muscle relaxant characteristics that promote inhibitory synaptic transmission across the central nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      10.6
      Seconds

  • Question 58 - A 29-year-old man has been complaining about his recent headaches. Detailed history was...

    Correct

    • A 29-year-old man has been complaining about his recent headaches. Detailed history was taken and a neurological examination was performed.

      Which of the following cranial nerves is correctly paired with its lesion?

      Your Answer: The oculomotor nerve: the eye appears to look ‘down and out’

      Explanation:

      The following are the lesions of the cranial nerves:
      1. Olfactory nerve (I)
      Reduced taste and smell, but not to ammonia which stimulates the pain fibres carried in the trigeminal nerve

      2. Optic nerve (II)
      Manifested by visual field defects, pupillary abnormalities, optic neuritis, optic atrophy, papilledema

      3. Oculomotor nerve (III)
      A fixed, dilated pupil which doesn’t accommodate, ptosis, complete internal ophthalmoplegia (masked by ptosis), unopposed lateral rectus causes outward deviation of the eye. If the ocular sympathetic fibres are also affected behind the orbit, the pupil will be fixed but not dilated.

      4. Trochlear nerve (IV)
      Diplopia due to weakness of downward and inward eye movement. The most common cause of a pure vertical diplopia. The patient tends to compensate by tilting the head away from the affected side.

      5. Trigeminal nerve (V)
      Reduced sensation or dysesthesia over the affected area. Weakness of jaw clenching and side-to-side movement. If there is a lower motor neuron (LMN) lesion, the jaw deviates to the weak side when the mouth is opened. There may be fasciculation of temporalis and masseter.

      6. Abducens nerve (VI)
      Inability to look laterally. The eye is deviated medially because of unopposed action of the medial rectus muscle.

      7. Facial nerve (VII)
      Facial weakness. In an LMN lesion the forehead is paralysed – the final common pathway to the muscles is destroyed; whereas the upper facial muscles are partially spared in an upper motor neurone (UMN) lesion because of alternative pathways in the brainstem. There appear to be different pathways for voluntary and emotional movement. CVAs usually weaken voluntary movement, often sparing involuntary movements (e.g., spontaneous smiling). The much rarer selective loss of emotional movement is called mimic paralysis and is usually due to a frontal or thalamic lesion.

      8. Vestibulocochlear nerve (VIII)
      Unilateral sensorineural deafness, tinnitus. Slow-growing lesions seldom present with vestibular symptoms as compensation has time to occur.

      9. Glossopharyngeal nerve (IX)
      Unilateral lesions do not cause any deficit because of bilateral corticobulbar connections. Bilateral lesions result in pseudobulbar palsy. These nerves are closely interlinked.

      10. Vagus nerve (X)
      Palatal weakness can cause ‘nasal speech’ and nasal regurgitation of food. The palate moves asymmetrically when the patient says ‘ahh’. Recurrent nerve palsy results in hoarseness, loss of volume and ‘bovine cough’.

      11. Accessory nerve (XI)
      Weakness and wasting of sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

      12.Hypoglossal nerve (XII)
      An LMN lesion produces wasting of the ipsilateral side of the tongue, with fasciculation; and on attempted protrusion the tongue deviates towards the affected side, but the tongue deviates away from the side of a central lesion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      43
      Seconds

  • Question 59 - The most common complication of paracetamol overdose is: ...

    Correct

    • The most common complication of paracetamol overdose is:

      Your Answer: Hepatic failure

      Explanation:

      The maximum daily dose of paracetamol in an adult is 4 grams. Doses greater than this can lead to hepatotoxicity and, less frequently, acute kidney injury. Early symptoms of paracetamol toxicity include nausea, vomiting, and abdominal pain, and usually settle within 24 hours. Symptoms of liver damage include right subcostal pain and tenderness, and this peaks 3 to 4 days after paracetamol ingestion. Other signs of hepatic toxicity include encephalopathy, bleeding, hypoglycaemia, and cerebral oedema.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Central Nervous System
      • Pharmacology
      8.5
      Seconds

  • Question 60 - Which of the following is NOT a typical cerebellar sign: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT a typical cerebellar sign:

      Your Answer: Hypotonia

      Correct Answer: Resting tremor

      Explanation:

      An intention tremor is characteristic of cerebellar dysfunction. Resting tremor may be seen in Parkinsonism.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      7.6
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Anatomy (20/34) 59%
Central Nervous System (35/60) 58%
Pharmacology (15/26) 58%
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