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  • Question 1 - In a normal heart rate at rest, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume is...

    Incorrect

    • In a normal heart rate at rest, the left ventricular end-diastolic volume is ….

      Your Answer: 50-70 ml

      Correct Answer: 100-130 ml

      Explanation:

      In cardiovascular physiology, end-diastolic volume (EDV) is the volume of blood in the right and/or left ventricle at end load or filling in (diastole) or the amount of blood in the ventricles just before systole. Because greater EDVs cause greater distention of the ventricle, EDV is often used synonymously with preload, which refers to the length of the sarcomeres in cardiac muscle prior to contraction (systole). End-diastolic volume: Right = 144 mL(± 23mL) & Left = 142 mL (± 21 mL).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      187.2
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of: ...

    Correct

    • Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of:

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      The cardiac muscles have gap junctions in between the cells. They allow for the formation of low resistance passages, which allow ions to diffuse through every muscle fiber rapidly and result in the cardiac muscles functioning as a syncytium, without any protoplasmic bridges involved.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which one of the following ECG findings is least associated with digoxin use?...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following ECG findings is least associated with digoxin use?

      Your Answer: Prolonged QT interval

      Explanation:

      Digoxin ECG features:•    ST depression (‘reverse tick’)•    flattened/inverted T waves•  Prolonged PR interval•    short QT interval•    arrhythmias e.g. AV block, bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (for example paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A-V block – so-called PAT with block) is said to be pathognomonic (i.e. diagnostic) of digoxin toxicity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      79.5
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Stroke volume in a average sized man lying in supine position is about?...

    Incorrect

    • Stroke volume in a average sized man lying in supine position is about?

      Your Answer: 100ml

      Correct Answer: 70 ml

      Explanation:

      The stroke volume of an average sized man who is lying is the supine position is about 70 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      36.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - The following is true in relation to coronary venous drainage? ...

    Correct

    • The following is true in relation to coronary venous drainage?

      Your Answer: Most venous return ultimately drains into right atrium via the coronary sinus

      Explanation:

      Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins. Apart from these there are other vessels that drain directly into the heart chambers

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      93.2
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v...

    Correct

    • When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v waves?

      Your Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation

      Explanation:

      The v wave corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return. In Tricuspid regurgitation there is additional blood from the regurgitant flow and thus this leads to a more prominent V wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      613
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The rate of depolarization of the SA node membrane potential is modulated by...

    Incorrect

    • The rate of depolarization of the SA node membrane potential is modulated by the following:

      Your Answer: Autonomic tone

      Correct Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Rate of depolarization of the SA node is modulated by all of these.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      48.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Myocardial oxygen consumption is increased by: ...

    Correct

    • Myocardial oxygen consumption is increased by:

      Your Answer: An increase in after load

      Explanation:

      Cardiac oxygen consumption is directly related to the amount of tension that develops in the ventricles. It is increased by an increased size of heart, increased afterload, increased contractility and increased heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      717.7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Catecholamines… ...

    Incorrect

    • Catecholamines…

      Your Answer: Inhibit Ca++ influx into myocytes

      Correct Answer: Activate adenylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Norepinephrine and epinephrine activate or deactivate adenylyl cyclase resulting in a decrease or an increase in the production of cAMP.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      132.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is:

      Your Answer: Myosin

      Correct Answer: Sarcomere

      Explanation:

      Sarcomere is the organelle where calcium is stored to be released during contraction of the muscle. It is the basic unit of contraction in striated muscle fibers. As myocytes are also striated muscles, sarcomeres also forms the basic unit of contraction. The impulses travel along the membrane and via its interaction with the dihydropyridine receptors it releases the stored calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      64.4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - What is the function of the BK channel on the vascular smooth muscle...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of the BK channel on the vascular smooth muscle membrane?

      Your Answer: Promotes smooth muscle contraction opening the voltage gated Ca2+ channel

      Correct Answer: Massive K+ efflux, increasing membrane potential, and shutting off the voltage gated Ca2+ channel

      Explanation:

      BK channels, also known as large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, play a critical role in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone. When BK channels open, they allow a large efflux of potassium ions (K+) out of the cell. This efflux of K+ causes the membrane potential to become more negative (hyperpolarization), which in turn leads to the closure of voltage-gated calcium channels. The closure of these calcium channels reduces the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the smooth muscle cells, resulting in decreased intracellular calcium levels and subsequent relaxation of the smooth muscle.

      Thus, BK channels promote smooth muscle relaxation by hyperpolarizing the membrane and reducing the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      30.6
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery...

    Incorrect

    • In the blood supply of the heart, ‘dominance’ refers to the coronary artery which supplies the?

      Your Answer: Anterior interventricular artery

      Correct Answer: Posterior interventricular artery

      Explanation:

      Dominance of the coronary artery system is defined by the artery that gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery. Dominance of the right coronary artery is more common (68%). It gives rise to the large posterior interventricular branch which goes down to the apex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      47.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Myocardial contractility is improved by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocardial contractility is improved by:

      Your Answer: Procainamide

      Correct Answer: Caffeine

      Explanation:

      Caffeine and other theophyllines breakdown cAMP and have a positive ionotropic effect on the heart. Drugs like quinidine, procainamide and conditions like hypoxia and hypercapnia decreases the contractility of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In ventricular fibrillation (VF), the first defibrillation attempt (with a biphasic defibrillator) should...

    Incorrect

    • In ventricular fibrillation (VF), the first defibrillation attempt (with a biphasic defibrillator) should be made at:

      Your Answer: 50 J

      Correct Answer: 200 J

      Explanation:

      Defibrillation is a common treatment for life-threatening cardiac dysrhythmias and ventricular fibrillation. If the patient is in Ventricular tachycardia (VT) or ventricular fibrillation (VF) on the monitor, immediately apply the pads and shock the patient with 120-200 Joules on a biphasic defibrillator or 360 Joules on a monophasic defibrillator.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which structure forms the major part of the sternocostal surface of the heart?...

    Incorrect

    • Which structure forms the major part of the sternocostal surface of the heart?

      Your Answer: The aortic arch

      Correct Answer: Right ventricle

      Explanation:

      The anterior (sternocostal) surface is formed mainly by the right ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16.1
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following is first to rise following myocardial infarction? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is first to rise following myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: Troponin I

      Correct Answer: Myoglobin

      Explanation:

      Myoglobin, is a sensitive indicator of muscle injury and is first to rise following MI within two hours but is nonspecific.Troponin and CK-MB both begin to rise approximately three hours after MI. The cardiac troponins T and I which are released within 4–6 hours of an attack of MI and remain elevated for up to 2 weeks, have nearly complete tissue specificity and are now the preferred markers for assessing myocardial damage.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) begins to rise approximately 12 hours after MI.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features...

    Correct

    • Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features of the jugular venous waveform?

      Your Answer: c wave

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP) classically has three upward deflections and two downward deflections. The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling. The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      315.7
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The end- diastolic ventricular volume is about? ...

    Incorrect

    • The end- diastolic ventricular volume is about?

      Your Answer: 80 ml

      Correct Answer: 130 ml

      Explanation:

      The end diastolic volume in a healthy individual is about 130 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the 4th intercostal space in the anterior axillary line

      Correct Answer: Situated in the 4th intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      319
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Cholinergic vagal supply to the SA and AV nodes results in slowing of...

    Incorrect

    • Cholinergic vagal supply to the SA and AV nodes results in slowing of the heart rate via:

      Your Answer: B1 receptors

      Correct Answer: M2 muscarinic receptors

      Explanation:

      M2 muscarinic receptors are the receptors for the parasympathetic system to the SA and the AV node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      51.4
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Afferent fibers from the baroreceptors of the great arteries form branches of which...

    Incorrect

    • Afferent fibers from the baroreceptors of the great arteries form branches of which cranial nerves?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves

      Explanation:

      The receptors of the carotid sinus are innervated by the carotid sinus nerve, a branch of the glossopharyngeal nerve. The aortic arch receptors located in the arch of the aorta are innervated by the aortic depressor nerve, a branch of the vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Tight junctions

      Explanation:

      Tight junctions surround the apical margins of the epithelial cells such as in the intestinal mucosa and the choroid plexus. They are also important to the endothelial barrier function. They are made up of ridges that adhere to each other strongly at the cell junction, obliterating the space completely between the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: It is found in association with a third heart sound

      Explanation:

      Pulsus alternans is a physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a poor prognosis. A pathological third heart sound is usually associated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Impulse conduction through the AV node is slow and depends on the action...

    Incorrect

    • Impulse conduction through the AV node is slow and depends on the action potential produced by which of the following.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Calcium flux

      Explanation:

      The action potentials in the SA and AV nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the? ...

    Incorrect

    • The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Left anterior descending artery

      Explanation:

      The anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the interventricular septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following supplies the AV node? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following supplies the AV node?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The AV node is supplied by the right coronary artery near the origin of the posterior IV artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Pacemaker cells in the SA node and the AV node are connected by?...

    Incorrect

    • Pacemaker cells in the SA node and the AV node are connected by?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      Gap junctions allows for rapid propagation of the action potential from one cell to the other. The cells of the heart are connected by gap junctions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle can be caused by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle can be caused by:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Sympathetic cholinergic nerves

      Explanation:

      In skeletal muscles some fibers that cause vasodilation run with the nerves of the sympathetic system but are cholinergic in nature. These nerves are not active during rest but become active during exercise and stress.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the aortic valve found?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Situated in the left third intercostal space underneath the sternum

      Explanation:

      The aortic valve is situated in the left 3rd intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the apex beat found? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the apex beat found?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 5th intercostal space mid clavicular line

      Explanation:

      The location of the apex beat may vary but it is mostly found in the left 5th intercostal space 6 cm from the anterior median line or in the mid clavicular line.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (6/20) 30%
Medicine (6/20) 30%
Passmed
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