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  • Question 1 - Calculate the cardiac stroke volume of a patient whose oxygen consumption (measured by...

    Correct

    • Calculate the cardiac stroke volume of a patient whose oxygen consumption (measured by analysis of mixed expired gas) is 300 ml/min, arterial O2 content is 20 ml/100 ml blood, pulmonary arterial O2 content is 15 ml/100 ml blood and heart rate is 60/min.

      Your Answer: 100 ml

      Explanation:

      By Fick’s principle, VO2 = Q × (CA (O2) − CV (O2)) where VO2 = O2 consumption, Q = cardiac output and CA(O2) and CV(O2) are arterial and mixed venous O2 content respectively. Thus, in the given problem, 300 ml O2/min = Q × (20−15) ml O2/100 ml. Thus, Q = 6000 ml blood/min. Then, we can calculate stroke volume by dividing the cardiac output with heart rate. Thus, stroke volume = 6000 ml/min divided by 60/min stroke volume = 100 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - A 54-year-old woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is diagnosed with respiratory acidosis. The...

    Incorrect

    • A 54-year-old woman with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis is diagnosed with respiratory acidosis. The patient’s renal excretion of potassium would be expected to:

      Your Answer: Rise, since acidosis increases the affinity of the aldosterone receptor for aldosterone

      Correct Answer: Fall, since tubular secretion of potassium is inversely coupled to acid secretion

      Explanation:

      Respiratory acidosis is a medical emergency in which decreased ventilation (hypoventilation) increases the concentration of carbon dioxide in the blood and decreases the blood’s pH (a condition generally called acidosis). Secretion of acid and potassium by the renal tubule are inversely related. So, increased excretion of H+ during renal compensation for respiratory acidosis will result in decreased secretion (or increased retention) of potassium ions, with the result that the body’s potassium store rises. An increase in K+ excretion would be associated with renal compensation for respiratory alkalosis. The filtered load of K+depends only on K+ plasma concentration and glomerular filtration rate, not on plasma pH.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      27.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - What is the most likely cause of bitemporal hemianopia? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the most likely cause of bitemporal hemianopia?

      Your Answer: Craniopharyngioma

      Correct Answer: Prolactinoma

      Explanation:

      Prolactinoma is the mot common pituitary adenoma; leading to hyperprolactinaemia. By virtue of their size, macroprolactinomas press on the adjacent structures leading to headaches and loss of vision due to the pressure effect on optic chiasm. Women notice a change in their menstrual cycle due to raised prolactin levels. In comparison, the problem goes unnoticed in men in the initial stages. Craniopharyngioma is a less common space-occupying lesions affecting children and young adults.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Pathology
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - What is the primary function of the Kupffer cells found in the liver?...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary function of the Kupffer cells found in the liver?

      Your Answer: Secretion of mucus

      Correct Answer: Recycling of old red blood cells

      Explanation:

      Kupffer cells found in the liver are part of the monocyte-reticular system. They are specialised macrophages and primarily function to recycle old and damaged RBCs. The RBCs are phagocytosed and the haemoglobin is broken down into haem and globin. The haem is further broken down into iron that is recycled and bilirubin that is conjugated with glucuronic acid and excreted in the bile.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammation & Immunology; Hepatobiliary
      • Pathology
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which tumour site is more commonly involved in adults than in children? ...

    Correct

    • Which tumour site is more commonly involved in adults than in children?

      Your Answer: Lung

      Explanation:

      In adults, the most common primary site of tumour is in the lungs, compared to children wherein the most common primary site is the blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neoplasia
      • Pathology
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The muscle that stabilizes the stapes is innervated by which of the following...

    Incorrect

    • The muscle that stabilizes the stapes is innervated by which of the following nerves?

      Your Answer: Chorda tympani nerve

      Correct Answer: Facial nerve

      Explanation:

      The stapedius is the smallest skeletal muscle in the human body. At just over one millimetre in length, its purpose is to stabilize the smallest bone in the body, the stapes and is innervated by a branch of the facial nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head & Neck
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following statements is true of Colles’ fracture? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true of Colles’ fracture?

      Your Answer: Results in palmar displacement of the distal fractured fragment

      Correct Answer: Is a cause of carpal tunnel syndrome

      Explanation:

      Colles’ fracture is a distal fracture of the radius that is a known cause of carpal tunnel syndrome (compression of the median nerve in the carpal tunnel). It rarely results in ulnar nerve compression. A Colles’ fracture is extra-articular and does not extend into the wrist joint, otherwise this would make it an intra-articular fracture (Barton’s fracture). The distal fragment in a Colles’ fracture is displaced dorsally, unlike in a Smith’s fracture where the distal fragment is displaced volarly (ventrally). Associated fracture of the ulnar styloid process may occur and is a common associated injury.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Orthopaedics
      • Pathology
      32.5
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The fundus of the stomach receives blood supply from the same artery as...

    Incorrect

    • The fundus of the stomach receives blood supply from the same artery as the greater curvature of the stomach. Which of the following arteries when ligated will disrupt blood supply to the fundus of the stomach through this artery?

      Your Answer: Left gastroepiploic

      Correct Answer: Splenic

      Explanation:

      The fundus of the stomach along with the greater curvature of the stomach receive blood supply from the short gastric artery. The short gastric artery arises from the end of the splenic artery. The ligation of the splenic artery therefore would cause a disruption of blood supply to the fundus of the stomach.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - A surgical registrar performing an adrenalectomy procedure on the left suprarenal gland of...

    Incorrect

    • A surgical registrar performing an adrenalectomy procedure on the left suprarenal gland of a 25 - year old male patient, accidentally jabbed and injured a vital structure that lies anterior to the left suprarenal organ. Which of the following was the structure most likely injured?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Correct Answer: Pancreas

      Explanation:

      The adrenal (suprarenal) glands are organs of the endocrine system located on top of each of the kidneys. The left suprarenal gland, in question, is crescent in shape and slightly larger than the right suprarenal gland. It is posteriorly located to the lateral aspect of the head of the pancreas which is thus the most likely to be injured. The other organs like the duodenum, liver and the inferior vena cava are related to the right suprarenal gland. The spleen and the colon are not in close proximity with the left suprarenal gland and are not likely to be the organs injured.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen
      • Anatomy
      38.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A patient is unable to move their mandible to the left. Which muscle...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is unable to move their mandible to the left. Which muscle is affected in this case?

      Your Answer: Left medial pterygoid muscle

      Correct Answer: Right lateral pterygoid muscle

      Explanation:

      Patients with paralysis of the right pterygoid muscle are unable to move their mandible laterally to the left.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head & Neck
      9.2
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (1/1) 100%
Physiology (1/2) 50%
Renal (0/1) 0%
Endocrine (0/1) 0%
Pathology (1/4) 25%
Inflammation & Immunology; Hepatobiliary (0/1) 0%
Neoplasia (1/1) 100%
Anatomy (0/4) 0%
Head & Neck (0/2) 0%
Orthopaedics (0/1) 0%
Abdomen (0/2) 0%
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