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  • Question 1 - What is the main reason for checking the urea and electrolytes prior to...

    Incorrect

    • What is the main reason for checking the urea and electrolytes prior to commencing a patient on amiodarone?

      Your Answer: To detect hyperkalaemia

      Correct Answer: To detect hypokalaemia

      Explanation:

      All antiarrhythmic drugs have the potential to cause arrhythmias. Coexistent hypokalaemia significantly increases this risk.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      440.1
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What is troponin? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is troponin?

      Your Answer: A myosin light chain

      Correct Answer: A component of thin filaments

      Explanation:

      Skeletal muscle cytoplasmic proteins include myosin and actin (also known as thick and thin filaments, respectively) which are arranged in a repeating unit called a sarcomere. Troponin is a component of thin filaments (along with tropomyosin), and is the protein to which calcium binds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following is NOT true of the parasympathetic control of the...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT true of the parasympathetic control of the heart?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: It can be blocked by beta blockers

      Explanation:

      Parasympathetic fibers do not innervate the Beta receptors on the heart. They are innervated by the sympathetic nerve fibers. Then a beta blocker such as propranolol will block the sympathetic outflow and increase the parasympathetic tone of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      26.7
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Select the correct statement regarding the 4th heart sound, it? ...

    Incorrect

    • Select the correct statement regarding the 4th heart sound, it?

      Your Answer: Occurs during isovolumetric ventricular contraction.

      Correct Answer: Can be heard in atrial systole.

      Explanation:

      The fourth heart sound is not normally audible in a normal adult. It occurs as a consequence of ventricular hypertrophy. It is caused by filling of the ventricle by atrial systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.1
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle can be caused by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Vasodilatation in skeletal muscle can be caused by:

      Your Answer: Neuropeptide y

      Correct Answer: Sympathetic cholinergic nerves

      Explanation:

      In skeletal muscles some fibers that cause vasodilation run with the nerves of the sympathetic system but are cholinergic in nature. These nerves are not active during rest but become active during exercise and stress.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The principle by which the energy of contraction is proportional to the initial...

    Incorrect

    • The principle by which the energy of contraction is proportional to the initial length of cardiac muscle fiber is known as:

      Your Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Correct Answer: Starling’s law

      Explanation:

      The Frank starling relationship describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increase venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and increased development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relation is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Where are the baroreceptors of the great arteries located? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where are the baroreceptors of the great arteries located?

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: In the adventitia

      Explanation:

      Arterial baroreceptors are located in the aortic arch and carotid sinuses, and are formed by small nerve endings present in the adventitia of these vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      429.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The ‘c’ wave in JVP corresponds more closely with: ...

    Incorrect

    • The ‘c’ wave in JVP corresponds more closely with:

      Your Answer: Closure of aortic valve

      Correct Answer: Isovolumetric contraction

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections (peaks) and two downward deflections (troughs) have been described:The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      42.3
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Myocardium requires more oxygen to expel blood in: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocardium requires more oxygen to expel blood in:

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: A stenotic aortic valve

      Explanation:

      In aortic valve stenosis, increased ventricular pressure Is needed to expel the blood into the aorta. Increased pressure means increased contractility hence increase O2 consumption by the heart muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.7
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production...

    Incorrect

    • The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production and release of which factor?

      Your Answer: Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor

      Correct Answer: Von Willebrand factor

      Explanation:

      Weibel-Palade bodies are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart. They store and release two principal molecules, von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, and thus play a dual role in haemostasis and inflammation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time? ...

    Incorrect

    • How many molecules of myosin attach to actin at any given time?

      Your Answer: 2

      Correct Answer: 1

      Explanation:

      1 molecule of myosin binds to actin at any give time.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      70.5
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the function of the BK channel on the vascular smooth muscle...

    Incorrect

    • What is the function of the BK channel on the vascular smooth muscle membrane?

      Your Answer: Massive K+ influx, increasing membrane potential, and shutting off the voltage gated Ca2+ channel

      Correct Answer: Massive K+ efflux, increasing membrane potential, and shutting off the voltage gated Ca2+ channel

      Explanation:

      BK channels, also known as large-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels, play a critical role in regulating vascular smooth muscle tone. When BK channels open, they allow a large efflux of potassium ions (K+) out of the cell. This efflux of K+ causes the membrane potential to become more negative (hyperpolarization), which in turn leads to the closure of voltage-gated calcium channels. The closure of these calcium channels reduces the influx of calcium ions (Ca2+) into the smooth muscle cells, resulting in decreased intracellular calcium levels and subsequent relaxation of the smooth muscle.

      Thus, BK channels promote smooth muscle relaxation by hyperpolarizing the membrane and reducing the activity of voltage-gated Ca2+ channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      33.6
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Dicrotic notch is produced by which valves? ...

    Incorrect

    • Dicrotic notch is produced by which valves?

      Your Answer: Pulmonary

      Correct Answer: Aortic

      Explanation:

      The graph of aortic pressure throughout the cardiac cycle displays a small dip (the incisure or dicrotic notch) which coincides with the aortic valve closure. The dip in the graph is immediately followed by a brief rise (the dicrotic wave) then gradual decline.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular...

    Incorrect

    • Which factor produced by the endothelium is responsible for the regulation of vascular cell growth?

      Your Answer: Platelet/endothelial cell adhesion molecule (pecam)

      Correct Answer: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)

      Explanation:

      VEGF is produced by the endothelial cells and is the major growth factor responsible for causing vasculogenesis. Some isoforms of this growth factor also have a prominent role in formation of lymphatic vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - When the heart rate is increased (to pathological levels) which of the following...

    Incorrect

    • When the heart rate is increased (to pathological levels) which of the following is correct when comparing the duration of diastole to systole?

      Your Answer: It can be both shorter and longer

      Correct Answer: It is shortened to a greater degree

      Explanation:

      The duration of systole is more fixed than the duration of diastole. When the heart rate increases the timing of the systole remains more or less the same however diastole decreases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which structure forms the major part of the sternocostal surface of the heart?...

    Incorrect

    • Which structure forms the major part of the sternocostal surface of the heart?

      Your Answer: Left ventricle

      Correct Answer: Right ventricle

      Explanation:

      The anterior (sternocostal) surface is formed mainly by the right ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      61.4
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - A sarcomere is the area between: ...

    Incorrect

    • A sarcomere is the area between:

      Your Answer: Two adjacent a bands

      Correct Answer: Two adjacent z lines

      Explanation:

      The area that lies between the two adjacent Z lines is known as a sarcomere and is the contractile unit of the muscle. The line passing in the middle of the myosin filaments is the M line. It also passes through the middle of the sarcomere.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.5
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - The heart rate can be accelerated by: ...

    Incorrect

    • The heart rate can be accelerated by:

      Your Answer: Fever and expiration

      Correct Answer: Exercise and thyroid hormones

      Explanation:

      The firing of the SA node will increase due to exercises and as the thyroid hormone has a chronotropic effect on the heart, it too will result in an increase in the heart rate via stimulation of the adrenergic receptors of the heart. As during exercise the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it will directly have an positive chronotropic effect on the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.2
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Although variable, branches of which artery most often supply the SA and AV...

    Incorrect

    • Although variable, branches of which artery most often supply the SA and AV nodes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      The RCA (right coronary artery) supplies the SA and the AV nodes along with the postero-basal wall of the left ventricle, posterior one third of the inferior vena cava, right ventricle and the posteromedial papillary muscle in the left ventricle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately: ...

    Incorrect

    • Myocardial fibers have a resting membrane potential of approximately:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: -90mv

      Explanation:

      The resting membrane potential of the mammalian heart is about -90 mv.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (9/18) 50%
Medicine (9/18) 50%
Passmed
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