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  • Question 1 - A 7-year-old boy with facial oedema was brought to the hospital by his...

    Incorrect

    • A 7-year-old boy with facial oedema was brought to the hospital by his parents. Renal function is normal and urinalysis revealed the presence of a profound proteinuria. Which of the following is the most probable cause of these findings?

      Your Answer: Goodpasture syndrome

      Correct Answer: Minimal-change disease

      Explanation:

      Minimal-change disease (MCD) refers to a histopathologic glomerular lesion, typically found in children, that is almost always associated with nephrotic syndrome. The most noticeable symptom of MCD is oedema, which can develop very rapidly. Due to the renal loss of proteins muscle wasting and growth failure may be seen in children. Renal function is usually not affected and a proteinuria of more than 40 mg/h/m2 is the only abnormal finding in urinalysis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Renal
      35.2
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The primary somatosensory cortex is located in the:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Postcentral gyrus

      Explanation:

      The primary somatic sensory cortex is located in the postcentral gyrus and is the largest cortical receiving area for information from somatosensory receptors. Through corticocortical fibres, it then sends the information to other areas of the neocortex and further analysis takes place in the posterior parietal association cortex.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Elevated mean corpuscular volume with hypersegmented neutrophils and low reticulocyte index is seen...

    Incorrect

    • Elevated mean corpuscular volume with hypersegmented neutrophils and low reticulocyte index is seen in on the blood count of a middle-aged lady about to undergo elective surgery. On enquiry, she mentions feeling tired for a few months. Which of the following investigations should be carried out in her to reach a diagnosis?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Serum vitamin B12 and folate

      Explanation:

      Elevated levels of MCV indicates megaloblastic anaemia, which are associated with hypersegmented neutrophils. Likely causes include vitamin B12 or folate deficiency. Megaloblastic anaemia results from defective synthesis of DNA. As RNA production continues, the cells enlarge with a large nucleus. The cytoplasmic maturity becomes greater than nuclear maturity. Megaloblasts are produced initially in the marrow, before blood. Dyspoiesis makes erythropoiesis ineffective, causing direct hyperbilirubinemia and hyperuricemia. As all cell lines are affected, reticulocytopenia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia develop. Large, oval blood cells (macro-ovalocytes) are released in the circulation, along with presence of hypersegmented neutrophils.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The absence of which of the following components characterizes the grey platelet syndrome...

    Incorrect

    • The absence of which of the following components characterizes the grey platelet syndrome (GPS)?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Alpha granules

      Explanation:

      Grey platelet syndrome (GPS) is a rare inherited bleeding disorder associated with an almost total absence of α-granules and their contents. The syndrome is characterised by thrombocytopenia, enlarged platelets that have a grey appearance, myelofibrosis, and splenomegaly. Alpha granules store proteins and growth factors that promote platelet adhesiveness and wound healing. Patients with GPS develop symptoms and signs such as easy bruising, prolonged bleeding, and nose bleeds.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - With respect to far accommodation, which of the following is a TRUE statement?...

    Incorrect

    • With respect to far accommodation, which of the following is a TRUE statement?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The ciliary muscles are relaxed

      Explanation:

      Myopia or near-sightedness is a disease due to elongated eyeballs or too strong a lens. For far accommodation (focus of a distant object onto the retina), the lens needs to decrease its refractive power, or in other words, increase its focal length. This is done by relaxation of ciliary muscles which tightens the zonular fibres and flattening of the lens. Relaxation of the zonular fibres, rounding of the lens, shortening of the focal length and constriction of the pupil occurs during near accommodation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Neurology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - A patient is suspected to have Blastomyces dermatidis infection. The patient contracted the...

    Incorrect

    • A patient is suspected to have Blastomyces dermatidis infection. The patient contracted the disease most likely through which port of entry?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Respiratory tract

      Explanation:

      Blastomycosis disease is a fungal infection acquired through inhalation of the spores. It caused by the organism Blastomyces dermatitidis and manifests as a primary lung infection in about 70% of cases. The onset is relatively slow and symptoms are suggestive of pneumonia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - If a tumour is found in both lobes of the prostate, without nodal...

    Incorrect

    • If a tumour is found in both lobes of the prostate, without nodal involvement or metastases, a histological grade of G2 and elevated PSA, what is the overall prostatic cancer stage?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Stage II

      Explanation:

      The AJCC uses the TNM, Gleason score and PSA levels to determine the overall stage of prostatic cancer. This staging is as follows:

      Stage I: T1, N0, M0, Gleason score 6 or less, PSA less than 10; or T2a, N0, M0, Gleason score 6 or less, PSA less than 10

      Stage IIa: T1, N0, M0, Gleason score of 7, PSA less than 20; or T1, N0, M0, Gleason score of 6 or less, PSA at least 10 but less than 20; or T2a or T2b, N0, M0, Gleason score of 7 or less, PSA less than 20

      Stage IIb: T2c, N0, M0, any Gleason score, any PSA; or T1 or T2, N0, M0, any Gleason score PSA of 20 or more; or T1 or T2, N0, M0, Gleason score of 8 or higher, any PSA

      Stage III: T3, N0, M0, any Gleason score, any PSA Stage IV: T4, N0, M0,any Gleason score, any PSA; or any T, N1, M0,any Gleason score, any PSA; or Any T, any N, M1, any Gleason score, any PSA.

      The patient in this case has a T2 N0 M0 G2 tumour, meaning it belongs in stage II

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Urology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - A chef, whilst preparing food, cut her thumb with a knife. She transected...

    Incorrect

    • A chef, whilst preparing food, cut her thumb with a knife. She transected the arteria princeps pollicis. This artery is a branch of the?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Radial artery

      Explanation:

      The radial artery branches into the arteria princeps pollicis as it turns medially into the deep part of the hand. The arteria princeps pollicis is distributed to the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the thumb.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - If a 68-year-old man is diagnosed with a testicular seminoma that reaches the...

    Incorrect

    • If a 68-year-old man is diagnosed with a testicular seminoma that reaches the tunica albuginea and involves the tunica vaginalis, with retroperitoneal lymph nodes greater than 5cm, LDH 1.4 times the reference levels, β-hCG 4250 mIU/ml and AFP 780 ng/ml, what's the clinical stage in this case?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Stage IIC

      Explanation:

      According to the AJCC, the clinical staging for testicular seminoma is:
      Stage IA: T1 N0 M0 S0
      Stage IB: T2/3/4 N0 M0 S0
      Stage IC: any T N0 M0 S1/2/3
      Stage IIA: any T N1 M0 S0/1
      Stage IIB: any T N2 M0 S0/1
      Stage IIC: any T N3 M0 S0/1
      Stage IIIA: any T any N M1a S0/1
      Stage IIIB: any T any N M0/1a S2
      Stage IIIC: any T any N M1a/1b S3.
      The patient in this case has IIC stage

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pathology
      • Urology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A biopsy taken from the respiratory passage of a 37 year old male,...

    Incorrect

    • A biopsy taken from the respiratory passage of a 37 year old male, chronic smoker will mostly likely show which cellular adaptation?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Stratified squamous metaplasia

      Explanation:

      Metaplasia is a change in the cell type caused in part due to an extrinsic stress on the organ. It involves a change in the surface epithelium from one cell type to the another, most commonly squamous to columnar. This is a reversible process, and removal of the stress should theoretically reverse the surface epithelium back to normal morphology. Respiratory tract metaplasia is a classic example, in which the normal pseudostratified columnar epithelium is replaced by stratified squamous epithelium to better cope with the stress. Under continuous stress metaplasia can progress to dysplasia which is a disordered growth of cells eventually leading to the development of carcinoma.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Injury & Wound Healing; Respiratory
      • Pathology
      0
      Seconds

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Renal (0/1) 0%
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