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  • Question 1 - A 25 year old woman who is a known diabetic is brought to...

    Incorrect

    • A 25 year old woman who is a known diabetic is brought to the ED with diabetic ketoacidosis. She promptly received an insulin infusion. Which of the following are expected to increase upon infusion of insulin?

      Your Answer: Blood potassium concentration

      Correct Answer: Blood pH

      Explanation:

      Ketoacidosis is characterized by hyperglycaemia, glycosuria, hyperkalaemia, and metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation. An insulin infusion would be able to address these by lowering blood glucose through increased insulin-mediated cellular uptake, lowering urine glucose concentration as cellular glucose uptake is increased, decreasing K+ in her blood by shifting it into cells, and increasing blood ph by addressing the metabolic acidosis. The metabolic acidosis is addressed by the reduction of ketoacids production thereby returning her blood ph to normal and reducing the need for compensatory hyperventilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      141
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Regarding the refractory period, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the refractory period, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Action potentials cannot occur in the absolute refractory period.

      Correct Answer: Action potentials can occur in the relative refractory period but the amplitude of the action potential is smaller.

      Explanation:

      Following the action potential, Na+channels remain inactive for a time in a period known as the absolute refractory period where they cannot be opened by any amount of depolarisation. Following this there is a relative refractory period where the temporary hyperpolarisation (due to delayed closure of rectifier K+channels) makes the cell more difficult to depolarise and an action potential can be generated only in response to a larger than normal stimulus. The refractory period limits the frequency at which action potentials can be generated, and ensures that, once initiated, an action potential can travel only in one direction. An action potential is an all or nothing response so the amplitude of the action potential cannot be smaller.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Cellular
      • Physiology
      7.1
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Digoxin is contraindicated in all of the following EXCEPT for: ...

    Incorrect

    • Digoxin is contraindicated in all of the following EXCEPT for:

      Your Answer: Ventricular tachycardia

      Correct Answer: Asthma

      Explanation:

      Digoxin is contraindicated in:Supraventricular arrhythmias associated with accessory conduction pathways e.g. Wolff-Parkinson-White syndromeVentricular tachycardia or fibrillationHeart conduction problems e.g. second degree or intermittent complete heart blockHypertrophic cardiomyopathy (unless concomitant atrial fibrillation and heart failure but should be used with caution)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Pharmacology
      9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - About what percentage of filtered Na+is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule: ...

    Incorrect

    • About what percentage of filtered Na+is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule:

      Your Answer: 50 - 60%

      Correct Answer: 65 - 70%

      Explanation:

      Of the filtered sodium, about 65% is reabsorbed in the proximal tubule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      7.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - A 24-year-old athlete drinks a 500 ml hypertonic sports drink before an endurance...

    Correct

    • A 24-year-old athlete drinks a 500 ml hypertonic sports drink before an endurance event he participates in.

      Which of the following effects will this cause?

      Your Answer: The interstitial fluid becomes more concentrated

      Explanation:

      Osmosis is the passive movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of higher solute concentration.
      When hypertonic fluid is ingested:
      The plasma becomes CONCENTRATED.

      The cells lose water and shrink
      The intracellular fluid becomes more concentrated.
      Water and ions move freely from the plasma into the interstitial fluid and the interstitial fluid becomes more concentrated.
      The increased osmotic potential draws water out of the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Cellular Physiology
      • Physiology
      42.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Captopril should not be used if you have any of the following conditions:...

    Incorrect

    • Captopril should not be used if you have any of the following conditions:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Renal artery stenosis

      Explanation:

      Contraindications indications of Captopril include:
      – Bilateral renal artery stenosis
      – Hypersensitivity to ACE inhibitors
      – Anuria
      – History of ACEI-induced angioedema
      – Hereditary or idiopathic angioedema
      – Co-administration of Neprilysin inhibitors (e.g., sacubitril) with ACE inhibitors may increase angioedema risk; do not administer ACE inhibitors within 36 hours of switching to or from sacubitril/valsartan.
      If ACE inhibitors are used, they should be initiated only under specialist supervision and renal function should be monitored regularly. ACE inhibitors should also be used with particular caution in patients who may have undiagnosed and clinically silent renovascular disease. This includes patients with peripheral vascular disease or those with severe generalised atherosclerosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Pharmacology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Alpha cells of the endocrine pancreas produce which of the following hormones: ...

    Incorrect

    • Alpha cells of the endocrine pancreas produce which of the following hormones:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Glucagon

      Explanation:

      Glucagon is a peptide hormone that is produced and secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The main physiological role of glucagon is to stimulate hepatic glucose output, thereby leading to increases in glycaemia. It provides the major counter-regulatory mechanism to insulin in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
      Hypoglycaemia is the principal stimulus for the secretion of glucagon but may also be used as an antidote in beta-blocker overdose and in anaphylaxis in patients on beta-blockers that fail to respond to adrenaline.
      Glucagon then causes:
      Glycogenolysis
      Gluconeogenesis
      Lipolysis in adipose tissue
      The secretion of glucagon is also stimulated by:
      Adrenaline
      Cholecystokinin
      Arginine
      Alanine
      Acetylcholine
      The secretion of glucagon is inhibited by:
      Insulin
      Somatostatin
      Increased free fatty acids
      Increased urea production

      Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released by this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is inhibited by glucagon, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated so that when one cell pathway is activated, the other is inactive and vice versa.

      Glucagon has a minor effect of enhancing lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. It makes fatty acids available for oxidation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following vitamins is not paired correctly with its deficiency syndrome:...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following vitamins is not paired correctly with its deficiency syndrome:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Vitamin B12 - Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome

      Explanation:

      Clinical Effects of vitamin deficiency include:
      Vitamin C – Scurvy
      Thiamine (Vitamin B1) – Beriberi/Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome
      Vitamin B12 – Megaloblastic anaemia/Subacute combined degeneration of spinal cord
      Folate – Megaloblastic anaemia
      Vitamin D – Osteomalacia/Rickets
      Vitamin K – Defective clotting
      Vitamin A – Blindness

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Regarding renal clearance, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding renal clearance, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The MDRD equation uses plasma creatinine to estimate the GFR making an adjustment for age, sex and race.

      Explanation:

      Clearance is defined as the volume of plasma that is cleared of a substance per unit time. Inulin clearance is the gold standard for measurement of GFR but creatinine clearance is typically used instead. Creatinine is freely filtered and not reabsorbed, but there is a little creatinine tubular secretion. In practice, GFR is usually estimated from the plasma creatinine using a formula e.g. the MDRD equation making an adjustment for age, sex and race.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Physiology
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A patient complains of stomach ache. You see a midline scar in the...

    Incorrect

    • A patient complains of stomach ache. You see a midline scar in the epigastric area when you examine the abdomen. Upon further interrogation, the patient reveals that she had a subtotal gastrectomy for recurring stomach ulcers several years ago. The stomach mucosa secretes a variety of vital compounds, and her ability to secrete some of these molecules has been harmed as a result of his surgery.

      The stomach G-cells are responsible for which of the following?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Secretion of gastrin

      Explanation:

      G-cells are a type of cell found in the stomach’s pyloric antrum, duodenum, and pancreas. The secretion of the peptide hormone gastrin is their major function.

      The table below summarizes the many cell types found in the stomach, as well as the substances secreted by each cell type and the function of the secretion:

      Cell type/ Substance secreted/ Function of secretion
      Parietal cells/ Hydrochloric acid/ Kills microbes and activates pepsinogen
      Parietal cells/ Intrinsic factor/Binds to vitamin B12 and facilitates its absorption
      Chief cells/ Pepsinogen/ Protein digestion
      Chief cells/ Gastric lipase/ Fat digestion
      G-cells/ Gastrin/ Stimulates gastric acid secretion
      Enterochromaffin-like cells (ECL cells) /Histamine/ Stimulates gastric acid secretion
      Mucous-neck cells/ Mucous and bicarbonate/ Protects stomach epithelium from acid
      D-cells/ Somatostatin/ Inhibits gastric acid secretion

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal Physiology
      • Physiology
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrine (0/1) 0%
Physiology (1/4) 25%
Basic Cellular (0/1) 0%
Cardiovascular (0/1) 0%
Pharmacology (0/1) 0%
Renal (0/1) 0%
Basic Cellular Physiology (1/1) 100%
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