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  • Question 1 - The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule? ...

    Correct

    • The Na-K-2Cl co-transporter occurs in which part of the renal tubule?

      Your Answer: Apical surface of thick ascending limb

      Explanation:

      The Na-K-Cl cotransporter (NKCC) is a protein that aids in the active transport of sodium, potassium, and chloride into cells. In humans there are two isoforms of this membrane transport protein, NKCC1 and NKCC2. NKCC2 is specifically found in cells of the thick ascending limb of the loop of Henle and the macula densa in nephrons, the basic functional units of the kidney. Within these cells, NKCC2 resides in the apical membrane abutting the nephron’s lumen.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the correct way to calculate the anion gap?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: (Na + K) – (HCO3 + Cl)

      Explanation:

      The anion gap is the difference between the measured cations (positively charged ions) and the measured anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference in the serum is often calculated in medicine when attempting to identify the cause of metabolic acidosis. Anion Gap = ([Na+] + [K+]) − ([Cl−] + [HCO−3])

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Incorrect

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Amino acid reabsorption occurs most markedly in the? ...

    Incorrect

    • Amino acid reabsorption occurs most markedly in the?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Proximal convoluted tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal protein reabsorption is the part of renal physiology that deals with the retrieval of filtered proteins, preventing them from disappearing from the body through the urine. Almost all reabsorption takes place in the proximal tubule. Only ,1% is left in the final urine.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron? ...

    Incorrect

    • Erythropoietin is synthesized by which cells of the nephron?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Tubular interstitial cells

      Explanation:

      Erythropoietin is produced by interstitial fibroblasts in the kidney in close association with peritubular capillary and proximal convoluted tubule. It is also produced in perisinusoidal cells in the liver. While liver production predominates in the fetal and perinatal period, renal production is predominant during adulthood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the...

    Incorrect

    • In a 70 kg male, the approximate volumes (litres) of water in the different compartments mentioned (intracellular, interstitial, vascular) are:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 28l, 14l, 3.5l

      Explanation:

      In a 70kg male, approximately 60% (42 L) of the total body weight is composed of water divided proportionally in the following compartments:Intracellular fluid (ICF) – Around 67% (28 L) of total body water.Extracellular fluid (ECF) – Approximately 33% (14 L) of the total body fluid. The fluid in the intravascular compartment is about 3 L and is generally about 25% of the volume of ECF.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…? ...

    Incorrect

    • Glucose is typically removed from the urine by…?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Secondary active transport

      Explanation:

      Glucose, amino acids, inorganic phosphate, and some other solutes are resorbed via secondary active transport through co-transporters driven by the sodium gradient out of the nephron.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Where is angiotensinogen produced? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is angiotensinogen produced?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Liver

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin is a peptide hormone that causes vasoconstriction and a subsequent increase in blood pressure. Angiotensin also stimulates the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone promotes sodium retention in the distal nephron, in the kidney, which also drives blood pressure up. It is derived from the precursor molecule angiotensinogen, a serum globulin produced in the liver.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following stimulate the release of aldosterone from the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Angiotensin 2

      Explanation:

      Angiotensin II also stimulates the secretion of the hormone aldosterone from the adrenal cortex. Aldosterone causes the renal tubules to increase the reabsorption of sodium and water into the blood, while at the same time causing the excretion of potassium (to maintain electrolyte balance).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+? ...

    Incorrect

    • How does the proximal convoluted tubule excrete H+?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Via Na+/H+ antiporter.

      Explanation:

      H+ secretion from cells across the luminal membrane is mostly in exchange for Na+ ions, and to a small extent, through a proton ATPase. Secreted H+ react with filtered HC03- to form H2CO3.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Where are the principal cells found in the kidney? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where are the principal cells found in the kidney?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Collecting ducts

      Explanation:

      A kidney collecting duct cell can be of two different cell types:Principal cellsIntercalated cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Renin is secreted by which of the following cells? ...

    Incorrect

    • Renin is secreted by which of the following cells?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Juxtaglomerular cells

      Explanation:

      The juxtaglomerular cells are cells in the kidney that synthesize, store, and secrete the enzyme renin. They are specialized smooth muscle cells mainly in the walls of the afferent arterioles, and some in the efferent arterioles, that deliver blood to the glomerulus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is most of the filtered sodium reabsorbed?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Proximal tubule

      Explanation:

      Renal reabsorption of sodium (Na+) is a part of renal physiology. It uses Na-H antiport, Na-glucose symport, sodium ion channels (minor). It is stimulated by angiotensin II and aldosterone, and inhibited by atrial natriuretic peptide. Most of the reabsorption (65%) occurs in the proximal tubule.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion? ...

    Incorrect

    • What effect does osmotic diuresis have on net Na+ excretion?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Markedly increased Na+ excretion 

      Explanation:

      Osmotic diuresis is the increase of urination rate caused by the presence of certain substances in the small tubes of the kidneys. The excretion occurs when substances such as glucose enter the kidney tubules and cannot be reabsorbed (due to a pathological state or the normal nature of the substance). The substances cause an increase in the osmotic pressure within the tubule, causing retention of water within the lumen, and thus reduces the reabsorption of water, increasing urine output (i.e. diuresis). Sodium, chloride, potassium are markedly excreted in osmotic diuresis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per...

    Incorrect

    • If UA = concentration of A in urine, V = urine flow per unit time, and PA = arterial plasma level of A, renal clearance of A is equal to?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: (UA x V)/PA

      Explanation:

      Renal clearance = [Urine concentration (UA) x Urine flow (V)]/[Plasma concentration (PA)]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are: ...

    Incorrect

    • In increasing order of concentration, the main anions in plasma are:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Proteins-, HCO3-, Cl-,

      Explanation:

      Anions are negatively charged ions and include: chloride Cl-, bicarbonate HCO3-, sulphate SO4-2, phosphate HPO4-2, and protein anions. Chloride it the most abundant anion followed by bicarbonate and then protein anions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the: ...

    Incorrect

    • The interstitium of the kidney is most hypertonic in the:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Papillary tip of the medulla

      Explanation:

      The medullary interstitium is the tissue surrounding the loop of Henle in the renal medulla. It functions in renal water reabsorption by building up a high hypertonicity, which draws water out of the thin descending limb of the loop of Henle and the collecting duct system. This hypertonicity, in turn, is created by an efflux of urea from the inner medullary collecting duct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a physiological effect of pregnancy on the kidney?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Decreased creatinine

      Explanation:

      A pregnant woman may experience an increase in kidney and ureter size. The glomerular filtration rate (GFR) commonly increases by 50%, returning to normal around 20 weeks postpartum. Plasma sodium does not change because this is offset by the increase in GFR. There is decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and creatinine and potentially glucosuria (due to saturated tubular reabsorption).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which segment of the nephron is impermeable to water?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Ascending limb of Henle

      Explanation:

      Considerable differences aid in distinguishing the descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle. The descending limb is permeable to water and noticeably less permeable to salt, and thus only indirectly contributes to the concentration of the interstitium. Unlike the descending limb, the thin ascending limb is impermeable to water, a critical feature of the counter current exchange mechanism employed by the loop.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is the majority of Mg2+ absorbed?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Thick ascending limb of loop of Henle.

      Explanation:

      Although the majority of the filtered magnesium is reabsorbed within the ascending loop of Henle, it is now recognized that the distal tubule also plays an important role in magnesium conservation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Renal
      0
      Seconds

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