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  • Question 1 - Which of the following components regulate cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following components regulate cardiac output?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is regulated by the autonomic nervous system with sympathetic nerves having a positive chronotropic and inotropic effect and parasympathetic nerves having the opposite effect. An increase in preload will increase cardiac output likewise an afterload increase will also increase cardiac output.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      35.6
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Cholinergic nerves from the vagus innervate the SA and AV nodes via which...

    Correct

    • Cholinergic nerves from the vagus innervate the SA and AV nodes via which receptor in the heart?

      Your Answer: M2 receptor

      Explanation:

      M2 receptor is found in the heart. M3 and M4 are associated with smooth muscle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?...

    Correct

    • The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?

      Your Answer: Metabolites of oxygen consumption

      Explanation:

      There is a strong relationship between myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. This indicates that products of metabolism may cause vasodilation of the coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      26.9
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The following products of the vascular endothelium produce vasodilation except: ...

    Incorrect

    • The following products of the vascular endothelium produce vasodilation except:

      Your Answer: Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor

      Correct Answer: Endothelin

      Explanation:

      Endothelin: This is incorrect in the context of vasodilation. Endothelin is actually a potent vasoconstrictor produced by the endothelium, leading to the narrowing of blood vessels and increased blood pressure.

      Nitrous oxide (Nitric oxide): This is correct for vasodilation. Nitric oxide is a powerful vasodilator produced by the endothelium, which helps relax and widen blood vessels.

      Prostacyclin: This is correct for vasodilation. Prostacyclin (PGI2) is a vasodilator and inhibits platelet aggregation, helping to maintain blood flow and reduce clot formation.

      Endothelial-derived hyperpolarizing factor (EDHF): This is correct for vasodilation. EDHF causes vasodilation by hyperpolarizing the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels.

      Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF): This is correct for vasodilation. VEGF primarily promotes the growth of new blood vessels but also has vasodilatory effects through nitric oxide production.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which...

    Correct

    • Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which receptors

      Your Answer: Ryanodine receptors

      Explanation:

      Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) describes a biological process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum). CICR occurs when the resulting Ca2+ influx activates ryanodine receptors on the SR membrane, which causes more Ca2+ to be released into the cytosol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following does not lower ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following does not lower ventricular rate in atrial fibrillation?

      Your Answer: Adrenaline

      Explanation:

      Adrenaline is a sympathetic neurotransmitter which increases the heart rate. During atrial fibrillation the atria is contracting at more than 200 beats/min. Acetylcholine is a parasympathetic neurotransmitter decreasing the heart rate. Digital also depresses the conduction at the AV conduction. Vagal discharge and occulocardiac reflux decrease the heart rate and convert the tachycardia into normal sinus rhythm.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      27
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval ...

    Correct

    • Ventricular depolarization plus ventricular repolarization is shown by the _____ interval

      Your Answer: QT

      Explanation:

      The QT interval represents ventricular depolarization as well as ventricular repolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.6
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which one of the following ECG findings is least associated with digoxin use?...

    Correct

    • Which one of the following ECG findings is least associated with digoxin use?

      Your Answer: Prolonged QT interval

      Explanation:

      Digoxin ECG features:•    ST depression (‘reverse tick’)•    flattened/inverted T waves•  Prolonged PR interval•    short QT interval•    arrhythmias e.g. AV block, bradycardia, ventricular tachycardia or fibrillation (for example paroxysmal atrial tachycardia with A-V block – so-called PAT with block) is said to be pathognomonic (i.e. diagnostic) of digoxin toxicity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.6
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Myocardium requires more oxygen to expel blood in: ...

    Correct

    • Myocardium requires more oxygen to expel blood in:

      Your Answer: A stenotic aortic valve

      Explanation:

      In aortic valve stenosis, increased ventricular pressure Is needed to expel the blood into the aorta. Increased pressure means increased contractility hence increase O2 consumption by the heart muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Coronary flow is reduced during ...

    Incorrect

    • Coronary flow is reduced during

      Your Answer: Diastole

      Correct Answer: Tachycardia

      Explanation:

      Maximum amount of blood flow in the coronary arteries occur during diastole. When the heart rate increases which is also called tachycardia the duration of diastole decreases. Hence the amount of blood flow to the cardiac muscle also decreases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following is first to rise following myocardial infarction? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is first to rise following myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: Creatine phosphokinase

      Correct Answer: Myoglobin

      Explanation:

      Myoglobin, is a sensitive indicator of muscle injury and is first to rise following MI within two hours but is nonspecific.Troponin and CK-MB both begin to rise approximately three hours after MI. The cardiac troponins T and I which are released within 4–6 hours of an attack of MI and remain elevated for up to 2 weeks, have nearly complete tissue specificity and are now the preferred markers for assessing myocardial damage.Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) begins to rise approximately 12 hours after MI.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.6
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Concerning coronary arteries, what is the net effect of B2 stimulation on the...

    Correct

    • Concerning coronary arteries, what is the net effect of B2 stimulation on the heart (e.g. Running athlete)?

      Your Answer: Vasodilation via production of metabolites

      Explanation:

      The coronary arterioles contain α-adrenergic receptors, which cause vasoconstriction, and β-adrenergic receptors, which cause vasodilation. Activity in the noradrenergic nerves to the heart and injections of norepinephrine cause coronary vasodilation. However, norepinephrine also increases the heart rate and the force of cardiac contraction, and the vasodilation is due to production of vasodilator metabolites in the myocardium secondary to the increase in its activity. As exercise has the same effect as sympathetic stimulation, it will result in vasodilation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      24.6
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The AV Node: ...

    Incorrect

    • The AV Node:

      Your Answer: Action potentials are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution from Na+ influx.

      Correct Answer: It decelerates impulses passing to the ventricles

      Explanation:

      The action potentials in the sinoatrial (SA) and atrioventricular (AV) nodes are largely due to Ca2+, with no contribution by Na+ influx. The depolarization continues to conduct slowly through the atrioventricular (AV) node. The AV node is located in the right posterior portion of the interatrial septum. This is small and bean-shaped. The atrial conductive system is organized so that the cardiac impulse does not travel from the atria into the ventricles too rapidly; this delay allows the atria to empty before ventricular contraction begins. It is the AV node and its adjacent conductive fibers that delay this transmission into the ventricles. Conduction through the AV Node is represented on the ECG by the PR interval.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      30.3
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - In the Fick‘s method of measuring cardiac output, the arterial oxygen content can...

    Incorrect

    • In the Fick‘s method of measuring cardiac output, the arterial oxygen content can be measured in a sample obtained from

      Your Answer: Any convenient artery

      Correct Answer: The pulmonary vein

      Explanation:

      In Fick’s original method, the following variables are measured:VO2, oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO2 absorberCa, the oxygen concentration of blood taken from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygenated blood)Cv, the oxygen concentration of blood from an intravenous cannula (representing deoxygenated blood)From these values, we know that:VO2 = (CO x Ca) – (CO x Cv)where CO = Cardiac Output, Ca = Oxygen concentration of arterial blood and Cv = Oxygen concentration of mixed venous blood.This allows us to sayCO = VO2/{Ca – Cv}and hence calculate cardiac output.Note that (Ca – Cv) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus during birth?...

    Correct

    • Which of the following causes the closure of the ductus arteriosus during birth?

      Your Answer: Reduced levels of prostaglandins

      Explanation:

      Ductus arteriosus is kept open by the prostaglandin E2 which is a vasodilator. At birth the high levels of cyclooxygenase blocks the production of prostaglandins which results in the closure of the ductus arteriosus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      10.7
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Concerning S3, which of the following statements is INCORRECT? ...

    Incorrect

    • Concerning S3, which of the following statements is INCORRECT?

      Your Answer: Normal in children

      Correct Answer: Coincide with atrial contraction

      Explanation:

      A third heart sound also called a ventricular gallop occurs at the beginning of diastole after S2 and is lower in pitch than S1 or S2 as it is not of valvular origin. The third heart sound is benign in youth, some trained athletes, and sometimes in pregnancy but if it re-emerges later in life it may signal cardiac problems, such as a failing left ventricle as in dilated congestive heart failure (CHF). S3 is thought to be caused by the oscillation of blood back and forth between the walls of the ventricles initiated by blood rushing in from the atria. The reason the third heart sound does not occur until the middle third of diastole is probably that during the early part of diastole, the ventricles are not filled sufficiently to create enough tension for reverberation. It may also be a result of tensing of the chordae tendineae during rapid filling and expansion of the ventricle. In other words, an S3 heart sound indicates increased volume of blood within the ventricle. An S3 heart sound is best heard with the bell-side of the stethoscope (used for lower frequency sounds). A left-sided S3 is best heard in the left lateral decubitus position and at the apex of the heart, which is normally located in the 5th left intercostal space at the midclavicular line. A right-sided S3 is best heard at the lower-left sternal border. The way to distinguish between a left and right-sided S3 is to observe whether it increases in intensity with inhalation or exhalation. A right-sided S3 will increase on inhalation, while a left-sided S3 will increase on exhalation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      33.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the...

    Incorrect

    • Which membrane bound protein in the sarcoplasmic reticulum regulates calcium return from the cytosol to the sarcoplasmic reticulum?

      Your Answer: Actin

      Correct Answer: Phospholamban

      Explanation:

      Phosphorylation of phospholamban increases calcium ATPase activity and sequestration of calcium in the sarcoplasmic reticulum. An increased rate of relaxation is explained because cAMP also activates the protein phospholamban, situated on the membrane of the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), that controls the rate of uptake of calcium into the SR. The latter effect explains enhanced relaxation (lusitropic effect).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      28.2
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Describe the location of the SA node: ...

    Correct

    • Describe the location of the SA node:

      Your Answer: Junction of the SVC and right atrium

      Explanation:

      Anatomically the SA node is located at the junction of the superior vena cava and the right atrium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.8
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Where would one normally find venous valves? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one normally find venous valves?

      Your Answer: Saphenous vein

      Explanation:

      The intima of the limb veins is folded at intervals to form venous valves that prevent retrograde flow. There are no valves present in the very small veins, the great veins, or the veins in the brain and viscera.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Regarding cardiac output, an increased ejection fraction results from increases in which of...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac output, an increased ejection fraction results from increases in which of the following?

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Correct Answer: Strength of contraction without increase in muscle fiber length

      Explanation:

      When the strength of contraction increases without an increase in fiber length, the EF increases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.6
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Which of the following is NOT associated with the development of aortic regurgitation?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is NOT associated with the development of aortic regurgitation?

      Your Answer: Bechet's disease

      Correct Answer: Dilated cardiomyopathy

      Explanation:

      Aortic insufficiency, is often due to the aortic root dilation, which is idiopathic in over 80% of cases, but otherwise may result from aging, syphilitic aortitis, osteogenesis imperfecta, aortic dissection, Bechet’s disease, reactive arthritis and systemic hypertension. Additionally, aortic insufficiency has been linked to the use of some medications and other potential causes that affect the valve directly including Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers–Danlos syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, and systemic lupus erythematosus. In acute cases of aortic insufficiency, the main causes are infective endocarditis, aortic dissection or trauma. Dilated cardiomyopathy is associated with the development of mitral regurgitation, not aortic regurgitation

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.3
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Normal stroke volume is about: ...

    Correct

    • Normal stroke volume is about:

      Your Answer: 70 ml

      Explanation:

      Stroke volume is the amount of blood that is pumped from the heart into the aorta. It is typically 70 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.7
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following regulates the calcium release channels? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following regulates the calcium release channels?

      Your Answer: The calcium concentration

      Correct Answer: Calstabin 2

      Explanation:

      Ca2+ is released from the SR through a Ca2+ release channel, a cardiac isoform of the ryanodine receptor (RyR2), which controls intracytoplasmic [Ca2+] and, as in vascular smooth-muscle cells, leads to the local changes in intracellular [Ca2+] called calcium sparks. A number of regulatory proteins, including calstabin 2, inhibit RyR2 and, thereby, the release of Ca2+ from the SR.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.9
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The Sinoatrial node in the majority of people is supplied by the? ...

    Correct

    • The Sinoatrial node in the majority of people is supplied by the?

      Your Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      In 60% of people, the SA node is supplied by the right coronary artery branch and in 40% of the people by the left coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found? ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the mitral valve found?

      Your Answer: Situated in the 4th intercostal space to the left of the sternum

      Explanation:

      The mitral valve is situated in the left 4th intercostal space just beneath the sternum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.7
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by: ...

    Correct

    • Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by:

      Your Answer: Inhibiting the breakdown cAMP

      Explanation:

      Xanthines exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting the breakdown of the cAMP resulting in stronger and sustained contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Heart rate can be slowed by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Heart rate can be slowed by:

      Your Answer: Inspiration

      Correct Answer: Grief

      Explanation:

      Grief stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in a decrease in the heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Catecholamines… ...

    Incorrect

    • Catecholamines…

      Your Answer: Decrease camp production

      Correct Answer: Activate adenylyl cyclase

      Explanation:

      Norepinephrine and epinephrine activate or deactivate adenylyl cyclase resulting in a decrease or an increase in the production of cAMP.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      23
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Sinus bradycardia may be caused by disease of which of the following: ...

    Incorrect

    • Sinus bradycardia may be caused by disease of which of the following:

      Your Answer: Left coronary artery

      Correct Answer: Right coronary artery

      Explanation:

      Disease of the right coronary artery may cause sinus bradycardia and AV nodal block.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.1
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Activation of baroreceptor reflex involves: ...

    Incorrect

    • Activation of baroreceptor reflex involves:

      Your Answer: Excitation of neurons in the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)

      Correct Answer: Short term regulation of systemic blood pressure

      Explanation:

      Baroreceptors are found in the heart and the blood vessels. They are the carotid sinus and the aortic arch receptors and respond to the minute to minute change in the blood pressure i.e. a change in the pulsatile pressure and not to a change in the mean arterial pressure. If the pulse pressure decreases, the rate of firing of the receptors decreases, stimulating an increase in the heart rate and blood pressure. Mechanisms that regulate the long term blood pressure control include the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.3
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (16/30) 53%
Medicine (16/30) 53%
Passmed
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