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  • Question 1 - When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v...

    Correct

    • When observing a JVP, which of the following would lead to prominent v waves?

      Your Answer: Tricuspid regurgitation

      Explanation:

      The v wave corresponds to Venous filling when the tricuspid valve is closed and venous pressure increases from venous return. In Tricuspid regurgitation there is additional blood from the regurgitant flow and thus this leads to a more prominent V wave.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      98.2
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the? ...

    Correct

    • The interventricular septum is supplied anteriorly by the?

      Your Answer: Left anterior descending artery

      Explanation:

      The anterior interventricular artery or left anterior descending artery supplies the anterior 2/3rds of the interventricular septum.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      46.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The direct determinants of cardiac output are ...

    Correct

    • The direct determinants of cardiac output are

      Your Answer: Stroke volume and heart rate

      Explanation:

      Cardiac output is classically defined alongside stroke volume (SV) and the heart rate (HR) as:Cardiac Output [L/min] = Stroke Volume [L/beat] x Heart Rate [beats/min]

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Why is the sub-endocardial portion of the left ventricle the most common site...

    Correct

    • Why is the sub-endocardial portion of the left ventricle the most common site for ischaemic damage and myocardial infarction?

      Your Answer: No blood flow occurs during systole

      Explanation:

      The subendocardium receives the least amount of blood from the coronary arteries. During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure due to contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the subendocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      31.8
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node?

      Your Answer: Right vagus

      Correct Answer: Left vagus

      Explanation:

      As the AV node develops from the left side of the embryo It is supplied by the left vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16.4
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Endothelial cells are attached to adjacent cells by adherent junctions via: ...

    Correct

    • Endothelial cells are attached to adjacent cells by adherent junctions via:

      Your Answer: Cadherins

      Explanation:

      Cadherins are calcium dependant molecules that mediate cell to cell adhesions in epithelial and endothelial cells among others.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility is due to: ...

    Incorrect

    • The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility is due to:

      Your Answer: Increase in intracellular cGMP

      Correct Answer: Increase in intracellular Ca2+

      Explanation:

      The postextrasystolic potentiation of myocardial contractility Is not due to ventricular filling. It occurs in isolated locations in the heart and is due to increase availability of intracellular calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The ‘c’ wave in JVP corresponds more closely with: ...

    Correct

    • The ‘c’ wave in JVP corresponds more closely with:

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric contraction

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections (peaks) and two downward deflections (troughs) have been described:The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      33
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following factors serve to decrease cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following factors serve to decrease cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Standing from a lying position

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output. Anxiety, excitement, increased body temperature and pregnancy will increase the cardiac output. Standing from a lying position will decrease the cardiac output transiently.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      45.4
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most of the ventricular filling...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most of the ventricular filling occur?

      Your Answer: Isovolumetric ventricular contraction

      Correct Answer: Ventricular diastole

      Explanation:

      During the phase of ventricular diastole when the heart muscle relaxes and all the valves are open, blood flows easily into the heart. This is the phase of rapid ventricular filling. During isovolumetric contraction and relaxation the volume of blood in the heart does not change. During ventricular ejection blood enters into the aorta and pulmonary vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      64.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The coronary arteries fill during? ...

    Correct

    • The coronary arteries fill during?

      Your Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure due to contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the subendocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the effect of catecholamines (i.e. increased heart rate) on the pressure...

    Incorrect

    • What is the effect of catecholamines (i.e. increased heart rate) on the pressure volume loop?

      Your Answer: Shifts the diastolic pressure curve to the right

      Correct Answer: Shifts the diastolic pressure curve upward and leftward

      Explanation:

      Catecholamines have a positive ionotropic and chronotropic effect on the heart. The ventricles develop greater tension during systole resulting in an increase in the stroke volume. The increase in stroke volume results in a decrease in the end diastolic volume. This pushes the loop towards the left and upwards.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      34.1
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Coronary vasoconstriction can be caused by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Coronary vasoconstriction can be caused by:

      Your Answer: Prostaglandins

      Correct Answer: Beta blockage

      Explanation:

      Coronary arteries contain alpha and beta receptors. The alpha receptor stimulates vasoconstriction and beta receptors stimulate vasodilation. When the chronotropic and inotropic effects of noradrenergic receptors are blocked by a B blocking drug, stimulation of the noradrenergic nerves will cause coronary vasoconstriction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      70.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features...

    Correct

    • Closure of the tricuspid valve is marked by which of the following features of the jugular venous waveform?

      Your Answer: c wave

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP) classically has three upward deflections and two downward deflections. The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling. The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Tunica intima is made up of? ...

    Correct

    • Tunica intima is made up of?

      Your Answer: Endothelial cells

      Explanation:

      Tunica intima is a single cell thick lining of endothelial cells that lines the inside of the blood vessels. It is the inner most layer of the blood vessel.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      19.9
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is a method for measurement of cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Indicator dilution method

      Explanation:

      There are two methods of calculating the cardiac output in humans other than doppler with echocardiography: The direct Fick’s method and the indicator dilution method. In the indicator dilution technique, a known amount of a substance such as a dye or, more commonly, a radioactive isotope is injected into an arm vein and the concentration of the indicator in serial samples of arterial blood is determined. The output of the heart is equal to the amount of indicator injected divided by its average concentration in arterial blood after a single circulation through the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      11
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following intercellular connections is important in endothelial barrier function?

      Your Answer: Tight junctions

      Explanation:

      Tight junctions surround the apical margins of the epithelial cells such as in the intestinal mucosa and the choroid plexus. They are also important to the endothelial barrier function. They are made up of ridges that adhere to each other strongly at the cell junction, obliterating the space completely between the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.4
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - In which area is depolarization initiated? ...

    Correct

    • In which area is depolarization initiated?

      Your Answer: SA node

      Explanation:

      SA node is the pacemaker of the heart. It determines the rate of contractions. It is the place where depolarization is initiated. It exhibits phase 4 depolarization or automaticity. Electrical impulses then spread to the AV node, purkinje fibers, bundle of his and the ventricular muscles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.8
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following affects the magnitude of the action potential? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following affects the magnitude of the action potential?

      Your Answer: The amount of intracellular Ca2+

      Correct Answer: Changes in the external Na+ concentration

      Explanation:

      The magnitude of the action potential is determined by the sodium current. Increase in external sodium will result in increased influx of sodium and hence generation of a stronger action potential.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      87.5
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which one of the following is a cause of a soft second heart...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is a cause of a soft second heart sound?

      Your Answer: Aortic regurgitation

      Correct Answer: Aortic stenosis

      Explanation:

      Second heart sound (S2) forms the dub of lub-dub and is composed of components A2 and P2. •    loud: hypertension•    soft: AS•    fixed split: physiological split (normally occurs during inhalation), right bundle branch block, pulmonary stenosis, and atrial septal defect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      80.3
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments contain: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cross-bridges between actin and myosin filaments contain:

      Your Answer: Tropomyosin

      Correct Answer: Calcium ions

      Explanation:

      At rest troponin I is bound to actin and tropomyosin and covers the site where the myosin head interacts with actin. When calcium enters into the muscle, it binds with troponin C and causes a structural change in troponin I which moves out of the myosin binding site and causes the cross bridges between the actin and myosin filaments to occur.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      15.3
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Vasodilatation of coronary arteries is caused by: ...

    Correct

    • Vasodilatation of coronary arteries is caused by:

      Your Answer: Hypoxia

      Explanation:

      The heart is highly metabolically active and boasts the highest oxygen consumption by mass of any organ. This demand for oxygen is met by the coronary circulation, which is responsible for delivering blood to the myocardium and represents approximately 5% of cardiac output. Vasodilation may be due to the local effect of hypoxia on coronary vessels, or local metabolic vasodilation, or the activation of β-adrenoceptors or some combination of these mechanisms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      64
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - In a 30 year old male with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), which of...

    Incorrect

    • In a 30 year old male with hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), which of the following is not associated with increased risk of sudden death?

      Your Answer: Nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT)

      Correct Answer: Age

      Explanation:

      Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) is a disease in which a portion of the myocardium (heart muscle) is enlarged without any obvious cause, creating functional impairment of the heart. It is the leading cause of sudden death in young athletes. The major risk factors for sudden death (SD) are recent unexplained syncope unlikely to be neurocardiogenic; HCM-related SD in first-degree or other close relatives; repetitive and/or prolonged nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (NSVT) episodes on Holter or extended ambulatory monitoring; massive left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) (wall thickness ≥30 mm); extensive/diffuse late gadolinium enhancement (LGE); end-stage heart failure usually with systolic dysfunction; and thin-walled akinetic LV apical aneurysm with regional scarring.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      54.8
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Where would one normally find venous valves? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one normally find venous valves?

      Your Answer: Saphenous vein

      Explanation:

      The intima of the limb veins is folded at intervals to form venous valves that prevent retrograde flow. There are no valves present in the very small veins, the great veins, or the veins in the brain and viscera.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.5
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is: ...

    Correct

    • The basic unit of contraction in myocytes is:

      Your Answer: Sarcomere

      Explanation:

      Sarcomere is the organelle where calcium is stored to be released during contraction of the muscle. It is the basic unit of contraction in striated muscle fibers. As myocytes are also striated muscles, sarcomeres also forms the basic unit of contraction. The impulses travel along the membrane and via its interaction with the dihydropyridine receptors it releases the stored calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - What is a characteristic findings on ECG in hyperkalaemia? ...

    Correct

    • What is a characteristic findings on ECG in hyperkalaemia?

      Your Answer: Tall, tented T waves

      Explanation:

      Hyperkalaemia leads to:

      – Prolonged PR interval

      – Small P waves

      – Tall, tented T waves

      – Widened QRS complexes and eventually asystole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.3
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The T-tubular system in cardiac muscle is: ...

    Incorrect

    • The T-tubular system in cardiac muscle is:

      Your Answer: Has dihydropyridine receptors which act as calcium activated Ca2+ release channels.

      Correct Answer: Transmits action potential from sarcolemma to the SR to allow for Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm

      Explanation:

      Action potentials are transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ from the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors, which are voltage gated calcium channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      30.7
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The isoforms of nitric oxide synthase which are found in the nervous system...

    Incorrect

    • The isoforms of nitric oxide synthase which are found in the nervous system (NOS1) and endothelial cells (NOS3) are activated by agents that increase which of the following intracellular electrolytes?

      Your Answer: K

      Correct Answer: Ca

      Explanation:

      Synthesis of nitric oxide is stimulated by activation of the NMDA receptors by certain agents. This leads to opening of the Calcium channels and an influx of calcium into the cell. This will activate the nitric oxide synthase. Nitric oxide is produced on demand.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      60.3
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The internodal tract of Bachman: ...

    Incorrect

    • The internodal tract of Bachman:

      Your Answer: Is also called intermodal tract of Thorel

      Correct Answer: Connects the SA node to the AV node

      Explanation:

      Internodal tract of Bachman connects the SA node to the AV node conducting the electrical impulses generated from the SA node to the AV node and from the AV node to the rest of the electrical complex of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      35.4
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - A sarcomere is the area between: ...

    Correct

    • A sarcomere is the area between:

      Your Answer: Two adjacent z lines

      Explanation:

      The area that lies between the two adjacent Z lines is known as a sarcomere and is the contractile unit of the muscle. The line passing in the middle of the myosin filaments is the M line. It also passes through the middle of the sarcomere.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.1
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (18/30) 60%
Medicine (18/30) 60%
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