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  • Question 1 - A 35-year-old man, who was feeling unwell after his return from a business...

    Incorrect

    • A 35-year-old man, who was feeling unwell after his return from a business trip, was diagnosed with a disease that is known to be transmitted by a vector.

      Among the following microorganisms, which of the following has a mode of transmission of being vector-borne?

      Your Answer: Bordatella pertussis

      Correct Answer: Plasmodium falciparum

      Explanation:

      Plasmodium falciparum is a parasite that is vector-borne which is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito.

      Bordetella pertussis is transmitted through the respiratory tract, via respiratory droplets or direct contact with infectious secretions.

      Mycobacterium tuberculosis is transmitted via inhalation of infected respiratory droplets.

      HIV may be transmitted via sexual contact, vertical transmission from mothers to infants, and among injection drug users sharing infected needles, as well as through transfusion of infected blood products.

      Treponema pallidum transmission normally occurs during direct sexual contact with an individual who has an active primary or secondary syphilitic lesion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Principles Of Microbiology
      26
      Seconds
  • Question 2 - A 40-year-old woman presents with a red, scaly, itchy rash around her navel...

    Incorrect

    • A 40-year-old woman presents with a red, scaly, itchy rash around her navel that occurred after contact with a nickel belt buckle. A diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis is made. Which type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

      Your Answer: Type I hypersensitivity reaction

      Correct Answer: Type IV hypersensitivity reaction

      Explanation:

      A type IV hypersensitivity reaction occurred in this patient. Allergic contact dermatitis is an inflammatory skin reaction occurring in response to an external stimulus, acting either as an allergen or an irritant, caused by a type IV or delayed hypersensitivity reaction. They usually take several days to develop.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • General Pathology
      • Pathology
      17.2
      Seconds
  • Question 3 - Regarding Clostridium tetani, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Clostridium tetani, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Tetanus exotoxin results in increased release of excitatory neurotransmitter.

      Correct Answer: Germination and outgrowth of clostridial spores depends on anaerobic conditions.

      Explanation:

      Clostridium tetani is found in normal human intestinal flora, although infection is predominantly exogenous. Tetanospasmin, an exotoxin produced by C. tetani is responsible for the neurotoxic effects of tetanus, largely by preventing the release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA, resulting in prolonged excitation. Clostridium tetani is an obligate anaerobe, with an incubation period of about 3 – 21 days (average 10 days).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      16.6
      Seconds
  • Question 4 - A 22-year-old man comes to the emergency department with a human bite injury to...

    Incorrect

    • A 22-year-old man comes to the emergency department with a human bite injury to his hand received from a punch during a fight 3 hours earlier outside a bar. On closer inspection, you discover bite marks on his first and second knuckles. Which of the following is the best treatment option for this patient:

      Your Answer: IM ceftriaxone

      Correct Answer: Oral co-amoxiclav for 7 days

      Explanation:

      Even if there is no evidence of infection, prophylactic antibiotics should be administered for all human bite wounds that are less than 72 hours old. The first-line therapy is 7 days of co-amoxiclav. In penicillin-allergic people, metronidazole + doxycycline is an option. Streptococcus spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus spp., Eikenella corrodens, Bacteroides spp., and other anaerobes are the most prevalent organisms found in human bites.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Microbiology
      40
      Seconds
  • Question 5 - A 24 year old male sustained an insect bite and presents with a...

    Incorrect

    • A 24 year old male sustained an insect bite and presents with a red hot arm and acute cellulitis has been diagnosed. The predominant white cells in this type of acute inflammation are:

      Your Answer: Eosinophils

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Neutrophil polymorphs are the predominant type of white cells in an acute reaction. They pass between endothelial cell junctions to invade damaged tissue so that the effects of injury can be combated. Extravasation occurs with the movement of leukocytes out of the vessel lumen, and is achieved in five phases which are margination, ‘rolling’, adhesion, transmigration and chemotaxis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Inflammatory Responses
      • Pathology
      12.3
      Seconds
  • Question 6 - A 39-year-old guy comes to the emergency room with a persistent nasal bleed....

    Incorrect

    • A 39-year-old guy comes to the emergency room with a persistent nasal bleed. You suspect the bleeding is coming from Little's area based on your examination. Which of the blood vessels listed below is most likely to be involved:

      Your Answer: Posterior superior alveolar and anterior ethmoidal arteries

      Correct Answer: Sphenopalatine and superior labial arteries

      Explanation:

      The Kiesselbach plexus is a vascular network formed by five arteries that supply oxygenated blood to the nasal septum, which refers to the wall separating the right and left sides of the nose. The five arteries that form the Kiesselbach plexus: the sphenopalatine artery, which branches from the maxillary artery originating behind the jawbone; the anterior ethmoidal artery, which branches from the ophthalmic artery behind the eye; the posterior ethmoidal artery, which also branches from the ophthalmic artery; the septal branch of the superior labial artery, which is a branch of the facial artery supplying blood to all of the superficial features of the face; and finally, the greater palatine artery, which is a terminal branch of the maxillary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      28
      Seconds
  • Question 7 - Which of the following is a primary action of aldosterone: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a primary action of aldosterone:

      Your Answer: Renal potassium reabsorption

      Correct Answer: Renal sodium reabsorption

      Explanation:

      Aldosterone acts mainly at the renal distal convoluted tubule (DCT) to cause sodium retention and potassium loss. It increases the synthesis of transport mechanisms in the distal nephron including the Na+pump, Na+/H+symporter, and Na+and K+channels in principal cells, and H+ATPase in intercalated cells. Na+(and thus water) reabsorption and K+and H+secretion are thereby enhanced.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Physiology
      14.5
      Seconds
  • Question 8 - Regarding the flexor digitorum profundus muscle, which of the following is true? ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding the flexor digitorum profundus muscle, which of the following is true?

      Your Answer: The medial aspect of the muscle is innervated by the median nerve

      Correct Answer: The medial aspect of the muscle is innervated by the ulnar nerve

      Explanation:

      Flexor digitorum profundus is a fusiform muscle located deep within the anterior (flexor) compartment of the forearm. Along with the flexor pollicis longus and pronator quadratus muscles, it comprises the deep flexor compartment of the forearm.

      Flexor digitorum profundus has a dual innervation:

      (1) The medial part of the muscle, that inserts to the fourth and fifth digits, is innervated by the ulnar nerve (C8-T1);

      (2) The lateral part, that inserts to the second and third digits, is innervated by the median nerve, via anterior interosseous branch (C8-T1).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      43.7
      Seconds
  • Question 9 - A 38-year-old taxi driver sustained blunt force trauma to his anterior chest from...

    Correct

    • A 38-year-old taxi driver sustained blunt force trauma to his anterior chest from the steering wheel of his car after falling asleep while driving headlong into an oncoming HGV lorry. Bruising around his sternum was observed, which appears to be the central point of impact.

      Which of the following structures is most likely injured by the blunt force trauma?

      Your Answer: Right ventricle

      Explanation:

      In its typical anatomical orientation, the heart has 5 surfaces formed by different internal divisions of the heart:

      Anterior (or sternocostal) – Right ventricle
      Posterior (or base) – Left atrium
      Inferior (or diaphragmatic) – Left and right ventricles
      Right pulmonary – Right atrium
      Left pulmonary – Left ventricle

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Thorax
      24.7
      Seconds
  • Question 10 - You are about to give an antimuscarinic agent to a 55 year-old male...

    Incorrect

    • You are about to give an antimuscarinic agent to a 55 year-old male patient. Which of the following conditions will make you with stop the administration, since it is a contraindication to antimuscarinic agents?

      Your Answer: Asthma

      Correct Answer: Prostatic enlargement

      Explanation:

      Antimuscarinic medications may impair the contractility of bladder smooth muscle, resulting in acute urine retention in men with BPH, and should be avoided or used with caution.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Pharmacology
      22.7
      Seconds
  • Question 11 - A 79-year-old male had a humeral shaft fracture during a road traffic accident...

    Incorrect

    • A 79-year-old male had a humeral shaft fracture during a road traffic accident and is being followed up in a fracture clinic. He complains of inability to use the limb 6 months after the injury. X-rays of that arm shows non union of his fracture.

      All the following are responsible for this non-union EXCEPT?

      Your Answer: Tissue interposed between fracture ends

      Correct Answer: Osteoporosis

      Explanation:

      An imbalance between bone resorption and formation is Osteoporosis. In normal bone, formation and resorption are roughly equal, and the density of bone matrix remains constant but there is more resorption in osteoporosis and the matrix density reduces and bones become weaker. Fractures are more likely to occur but healing is unaffected.

      Non-union of a fracture occurs when the two sides of a fracture fail to unite after 6 months. Causes include: infection, movement at the fracture site, avascular necrosis, tissue interposed between the fracture and gross misalignment.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • General Pathology
      • Pathology
      29
      Seconds
  • Question 12 - Which of the following accurately describes the extensor pollicis brevis muscle? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following accurately describes the extensor pollicis brevis muscle?

      Your Answer: It forms part of the thenar eminence

      Correct Answer: It lies on the medial side of abductor pollicis longus

      Explanation:

      Extensor pollicis brevis is a short and slender muscle located in the posterior compartment of the forearm, extending from the posterior surface of radius to the proximal phalanx of thumb. It is one of the deep extensors of the forearm, together with supinator, abductor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis longus and extensor indicis muscles.

      Extensor pollicis brevis is a deep extensor of the thumb that lies deep to extensor digitorum muscle. It sits directly medial to abductor pollicis longus and posterolateral to extensor pollicis longus muscle. Just above the wrist, extensor pollicis brevis obliquely crosses the tendons of extensor carpi radialis brevis and extensor carpi radialis longus muscles.

      Extensor pollicis brevis is innervated by posterior interosseous nerve which is a continuation of a deep branch of radial nerve (root value C7 and C8).

      Extensor pollicis brevis receives its blood supply by posterior interosseous artery and perforating branches from the anterior interosseous artery, which are the branches of common interosseous artery. The common interosseous artery arises immediately below the tuberosity of radius from the ulnar artery.

      Together with extensor pollicis longus, extensor pollicis brevis is in charge of extension of the thumb in the first metacarpophalangeal joint. It also extends the thumb in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb. This movement is important in the anatomy of the grip, as it enables letting go of an object. As it crosses the wrist, extensor pollicis brevis also participates in the extension and abduction of this joint.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      17.9
      Seconds
  • Question 13 - Where does carbohydrate digestion begin: ...

    Incorrect

    • Where does carbohydrate digestion begin:

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Correct Answer: Mouth

      Explanation:

      Carbohydrate digestion begins in the mouth, by alpha-amylase produced in saliva.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Physiology
      6.4
      Seconds
  • Question 14 - You review a 46-year-old woman who has recently been prescribed antibiotics for a...

    Incorrect

    • You review a 46-year-old woman who has recently been prescribed antibiotics for a urinary tract infection. She suffers from COPD and is currently prescribed salbutamol and Seretide inhalers, and Phyllocontin continus. Since starting the antibiotics, she has been experiencing nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain.
      Which of the following antibiotics is she MOST LIKELY to have been prescribed for her UTI? Select ONE answer only .

      Your Answer: Amoxicillin

      Correct Answer: Ciprofloxacin

      Explanation:

      Phyllocontin continus contains aminophylline (a mixture of theophylline and ethylenediamine), a bronchodilator used in the management of COPD and asthma.
      This patient is exhibiting symptoms of theophylline toxicity, which may have been triggered by the prescription of the antibiotic. Quinolone antibiotics, such as ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin, and macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, increase the plasma concentration of theophyllines and can lead to toxicity.
      The drugs that commonly affect the half-life and the plasma concentration of theophylline are summarised in the table below:
      Drugs increasing plasma concentration of theophylline
      Drugs decreasing plasma concentration of theophylline
      Calcium channel blockers, e.g. Verapamil
      Cimetidine
      Fluconazole
      Macrolides, e.g. erythromycin
      Quinolones, e.g. ciprofloxacin
      Methotrexate
      Barbiturates
      Carbamazepine
      Phenobarbitol
      Phenytoin (and fosphenytoin)
      Rifampicin
      St. John’s wort

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Pharmacology
      • Respiratory Pharmacology
      15.4
      Seconds
  • Question 15 - Regarding the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the cardiac cycle, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: The second heart sound occurs in late diastole caused by closure of the atrioventricular valves.

      Explanation:

      Diastole is usually twice the length of systole at rest, but decreases with increased heart rate. During systole, contraction of the ventricles compresses the coronary arteries and suppresses blood flow. This is particularly evident in the left ventricle, where during systole the ventricular pressure is the same as or greater than that in the arteries and as a result more than 85% of left ventricular perfusion occurs during diastole. This becomes a problem if the heart rate is increased as the diastolic interval is shorter and can result in ischaemia. The second heart sound, caused by closure of the semilunar valves, marks the end of systole.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Physiology
      12.5
      Seconds
  • Question 16 - In adult advanced life support, which of the following best describes the correct...

    Incorrect

    • In adult advanced life support, which of the following best describes the correct administration of adrenaline for a non-shockable rhythm:

      Your Answer: Give 0.5 mg of adrenaline as soon as intravenous access is achieved and every 2 - 4 minutes thereafter

      Correct Answer: Give 1 mg of adrenaline as soon as intravenous access is achieved and every 3 - 5 minutes thereafter

      Explanation:

      IV adrenaline 1 mg (10 mL of 1:10,000 solution) should be given after 3 shocks and every 3 – 5 minutes/after alternate shocks thereafter.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Pharmacology
      34.1
      Seconds
  • Question 17 - Which of the following is an action of glucagon: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is an action of glucagon:

      Your Answer: Stimulates glycogenolysis

      Explanation:

      Glucagon is a peptide hormone that is produced and secreted by alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans, which are located in the endocrine portion of the pancreas. The main physiological role of glucagon is to stimulate hepatic glucose output, thereby leading to increases in glycaemia. It provides the major counter-regulatory mechanism to insulin in maintaining glucose homeostasis.
      Hypoglycaemia is the principal stimulus for the secretion of glucagon but may also be used as an antidote in beta-blocker overdose and in anaphylaxis in patients on beta-blockers that fail to respond to adrenaline.
      Glucagon then causes:
      Glycogenolysis
      Gluconeogenesis
      Lipolysis in adipose tissue
      The secretion of glucagon is also stimulated by:
      Adrenaline
      Cholecystokinin
      Arginine
      Alanine
      Acetylcholine
      The secretion of glucagon is inhibited by:
      Insulin
      Somatostatin
      Increased free fatty acids
      Increased urea production

      Glycolysis is the metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released by this process is used to form ATP and NADH. Glycolysis is inhibited by glucagon, and glycolysis and gluconeogenesis are reciprocally regulated so that when one cell pathway is activated, the other is inactive and vice versa.

      Glucagon has a minor effect of enhancing lipolysis in adipose tissue. Lipolysis is the breakdown of lipids and involves the hydrolysis of triglycerides into glycerol and free fatty acids. It makes fatty acids available for oxidation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrine
      • Pharmacology
      17.8
      Seconds
  • Question 18 - Which of the following immunoglobulin molecules is the most abundant in secretions (such...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following immunoglobulin molecules is the most abundant in secretions (such as saliva and breast milk):

      Your Answer: IgM

      Correct Answer: IgA

      Explanation:

      IgA is the predominant antibody class in secretions and tremendous quantities are secreted into various body spaces and onto mucosal surfaces (the gut lumen, the pharynx and sinuses, the larger airways, although not the alveoli).
      Because of its size, the majority of IgM is found in the circulation.

      Along with IgM, IgD is predominant among the surface receptors of mature B cells, where it plays a key role in B cells activation.

      IgE has the lowest concentration in normal human serum. It plays a prominent role in immune responses to helminth parasites, and in allergic reactions.
      IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and constitutes 75 percent of serum immunoglobulin in an adult human

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immune Responses
      • Pathology
      13.2
      Seconds
  • Question 19 - During her pregnancy, a 28-year-old lady was given an antibiotic. The neonate was...

    Incorrect

    • During her pregnancy, a 28-year-old lady was given an antibiotic. The neonate was prematurely born with cyanosis and ashen grey coloured skin as a result of this. Other symptoms were hypotonia, low blood pressure, and poor feeding.

      From the  following antibiotics, which one is most likely to cause this side effect?

      Your Answer: Gentamicin

      Correct Answer: Chloramphenicol

      Explanation:

      Grey baby syndrome is a rare but causes significant adverse effect caused by the build-up of chloramphenicol in neonates (particularly preterm babies).

      The following are the main characteristics of ‘grey baby syndrome’:

      Skin that is ashy grey in colour.
      Feeding problems
      Vomiting
      Cyanosis
      Hypotension
      Hypothermia
      Hypotonia
      Collapse of the cardiovascular system
      Distension of the abdomen
      trouble breathing

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infections
      • Pharmacology
      21.3
      Seconds
  • Question 20 - A young man develops an infection spread via aerosol transmission.

    Which of these organisms...

    Incorrect

    • A young man develops an infection spread via aerosol transmission.

      Which of these organisms is commonly spread by aerosol transmission?

      Your Answer: Rotavirus

      Correct Answer: Measles virus

      Explanation:

      Aerosols are airborne particles less than 5 µm in size, containing infective organisms that usually cause infection of the upper or lower respiratory tract.

      Examples of organisms commonly spread by aerosol transmission are:
      Measles virus
      Varicella zoster virus
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis

      The following table summarises the various routes of transmission with example organisms:
      Route of transmission
      Example organisms
      Aerosol (airborne particle < 5 µm)
      Mycobacterium tuberculosis
      Varicella zoster virus
      Measles virus

      Hepatitis A and Rotavirus are spread by the faeco-oral route.

      Neisseria gonorrhoea is spread by sexual route.

      Staphylococcus aureus is spread by direct contact.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Principles Of Microbiology
      10.9
      Seconds
  • Question 21 - In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is Meckel's diverticulum commonly located? ...

    Incorrect

    • In which part of the gastrointestinal tract is Meckel's diverticulum commonly located?

      Your Answer: Duodenum

      Correct Answer: Ileum

      Explanation:

      Meckel’s diverticulum is the most prevalent congenital anomaly of the gastrointestinal tract, affecting approximately 2% of the general population. Meckel’s diverticulum are designated true diverticula because their walls contain all the layers found in normal small intestine. Their location varies among individual patients, but they are usually found in the ileum within 100 cm of the ileocecal valve.

      Approximately 60% of Meckel’s diverticulum contain heterotopic mucosa, of which over 60% consist of gastric mucosa. Pancreatic acini are the next most common; others include Brunner’s glands, pancreatic islets, colonic mucosa, endometriosis, and hepatobiliary tissues.

      A useful, although crude, mnemonic describing Meckel’s diverticulum is the “rule of twos”: 2% prevalence, 2:1 male predominance, location 2 feet proximal to the ileocecal valve in adults, and half of those who are symptomatic are under 2 years of age.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Abdomen And Pelvis
      • Anatomy
      5.1
      Seconds
  • Question 22 - Your consultant requests that you do a lumbar puncture on a patient who...

    Incorrect

    • Your consultant requests that you do a lumbar puncture on a patient who is suspected of having meningitis. This patient, a 15-year-old female, presented to the emergency department with a fever, headache, and neck stiffness. Where should you aspirate a sample of CSF?

      Your Answer: Space between the dura mater and the spinal canal

      Correct Answer: Subarachnoid space

      Explanation:

      A lumbar puncture, also known as a spinal tap, is a procedure that involves inserting a needle into the lower back’s lumbar region.

      A needle is inserted into the space between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater, also known as the subarachnoid space, to remove a sample of cerebrospinal fluid.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Head And Neck
      20.9
      Seconds
  • Question 23 - Regarding forest plots, which of the following is the purpose of this graph?...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding forest plots, which of the following is the purpose of this graph?

      Your Answer: To check for publication bias in meta-analyses and systematic reviews

      Correct Answer: To graphically display the relative strength of multiple studies attempting to answer the same question

      Explanation:

      The results of meta-analysis are often displayed graphically in a forest plot. A properly constructed forest plot is the most effective way to graphically display the relative strength of multiple studies attempting to answer the same question. A typical meta-analysis consists of three main objectives that include estimation of effect sizes from individual studies and a pooled summary estimate with their confidence intervals (CIs), heterogeneity among the studies, and any publication bias. The forest plot illustrates the first two of these objectives. Forest plots visualize the effect measure and CI of individual studies, which provide the raw data for the meta-analysis, as well the pooled-effect measure and CI. The individual studies also can be grouped in the forest plot by some of their characteristics for ease of interpretation such as by study size or year of publication. When comparing the outcomes between an intervention and a control group, dichotomous outcome variables are expressed as ratios (i.e. odds ratios, ORs or risk ratios, RRs), while for continuous outcomes, a weighted mean difference is reported.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Evidence Based Medicine
      8.4
      Seconds
  • Question 24 - Aplastic crises in sickle cell anaemia is classically precipitated by which of the...

    Incorrect

    • Aplastic crises in sickle cell anaemia is classically precipitated by which of the following infections:

      Your Answer: Epstein-Barr virus

      Correct Answer: Parvovirus B19

      Explanation:

      A serious complication in sickle cell disease (SCD) is the aplastic crisis. This may be caused by infection with Parvovirus B-19 (B19V). This virus causes fifth disease, a normally benign childhood disorder associated with fever, malaise, and a mild rash. This virus infects RBC progenitors in bone marrow, resulting in impaired cell division for a few days.
      Healthy people experience, at most, a slight drop in hematocrit, since the half-life of normal erythrocytes in the circulation is 40-60 days. In people with SCD, however, the RBC lifespan is greatly shortened (usually 10-20 days), and a very rapid drop in Hb occurs. The condition is self-limited, with bone marrow recovery occurring in 7-10 days, followed by brisk reticulocytosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Pathology
      9.5
      Seconds
  • Question 25 - About what percentage of patients with hepatitis A develop chronic infection: ...

    Incorrect

    • About what percentage of patients with hepatitis A develop chronic infection:

      Your Answer: 10 - 20%

      Correct Answer: None

      Explanation:

      Chronic hepatitis and carrier state does not occur in hepatitis A infection and complete immunity is attained after infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      7.8
      Seconds
  • Question 26 - Herpes simplex virus is transmitted most commonly through which of the following routes:...

    Correct

    • Herpes simplex virus is transmitted most commonly through which of the following routes:

      Your Answer: Direct contact spread

      Explanation:

      Herpes simplex virus is the most common cause of infective encephalitis and has a predilection for the temporal lobes. Herpes simplex is transmitted through direct contact. It invades skin locally producing skin vesicles by its cytolytic activity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      13.7
      Seconds
  • Question 27 - Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily transmitted by which of the following routes: ...

    Incorrect

    • Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily transmitted by which of the following routes:

      Your Answer: Sexual transmission

      Correct Answer: Inhalation of spores

      Explanation:

      Cryptococcus neoformans is found in bird droppings and transmission is by inhalation of spores, thus the lung is the primary site of infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      10.4
      Seconds
  • Question 28 - Regarding cortical areas, which one is found in the posterior part of the...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cortical areas, which one is found in the posterior part of the inferior frontal gyrus?

      Your Answer: Secondary auditory area

      Correct Answer: Broca’s area

      Explanation:

      Broca’s area is involved in the expressive aspects of spoken and written language (production of sentences constrained by the rules of grammar and syntax). It corresponds to the opercular and triangular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus (BA 44 and 45). These areas are defined by two rami (branches) of the lateral sulcus (one ascending, one horizontal) which ‘slice into’ the inferior frontal gyrus. In keeping with its role in speech and language, Broca’s area is immediately anterior to the motor and premotor representations of the face, tongue and larynx. A homologous area in the opposite hemisphere is involved in non-verbal communication such as facial expression, gesticulation and modulation of the rate, rhythm and intonation of speech.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Central Nervous System
      25.4
      Seconds
  • Question 29 - A 22-year-old student presents with a painful, red and itchy right eye. On...

    Incorrect

    • A 22-year-old student presents with a painful, red and itchy right eye. On examination, there is mild erythema of palpebral conjunctiva, and follicles are visible on eversion of the eyelid. Lid oedema is evident, and you can also see a few petechial subconjunctival haemorrhages. The eye appears watery, and there is no purulent discharge. He has recently recovered from a mild upper respiratory tract infection.

      Which of these is the most likely causative organism?

      Your Answer: Rhinovirus

      Correct Answer: Adenovirus

      Explanation:

      The most frequent cause of red eye is conjunctivitis. It is caused by inflammation of the conjunctiva which can be infective or allergic and accounts for about 35% of all eye problems presenting to general practice.

      Viral conjunctivitis is commonly caused by adenoviruses and it is the most common infectious conjunctivitis.

      The common bacterial causes of conjunctivitis are Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Staphylococcus aureus.

      The clinical features of infective conjunctivitis include:
      Acute onset of conjunctival erythema
      Feeling ‘grittiness’, ‘foreign body’ or ‘burning’ sensation in the eye.
      Watering and discharge which may cause transient blurring of vision

      Features of viral conjunctivitis include: watery and non-purulent eye discharge, lid oedema, follicles present on eyelid eversion, petechial subconjunctival haemorrhages and pseudomembranes may be seen on the tarsal conjunctival surfaces.

      This patients features are consistent with a viral aetiology, and the most likely causative organism is adenovirus,

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Specific Pathogen Groups
      2.4
      Seconds
  • Question 30 - After a work-related accident, a 33-year old male is taken to the emergency...

    Incorrect

    • After a work-related accident, a 33-year old male is taken to the emergency room with difficulty in adduction and flexion of his left arm at the glenohumeral joint. The attending physician is suspects involvement of the coracobrachialis muscle.

      The nerve injured in the case above is?

      Your Answer: The axillary nerve

      Correct Answer: The musculocutaneous nerve

      Explanation:

      The coracobrachialis muscle is innervated by the musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7) a branch of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Anatomy
      • Upper Limb
      22.4
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Microbiology (1/8) 13%
Principles Of Microbiology (0/2) 0%
General Pathology (0/2) 0%
Pathology (0/5) 0%
Pathogens (1/4) 25%
Infections (0/2) 0%
Inflammatory Responses (0/1) 0%
Anatomy (1/8) 13%
Head And Neck (0/2) 0%
Endocrine (1/2) 50%
Physiology (1/3) 33%
Upper Limb (0/3) 0%
Thorax (1/1) 100%
Gastrointestinal (0/2) 0%
Pharmacology (1/5) 20%
Respiratory Pharmacology (0/1) 0%
Cardiovascular (1/2) 50%
Immune Responses (0/1) 0%
Abdomen And Pelvis (0/1) 0%
Evidence Based Medicine (0/1) 0%
Haematology (0/1) 0%
Central Nervous System (0/1) 0%
Specific Pathogen Groups (0/1) 0%
Passmed