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  • Question 1 - The T-tubular system in cardiac muscle is: ...

    Correct

    • The T-tubular system in cardiac muscle is:

      Your Answer: Transmits action potential from sarcolemma to the SR to allow for Ca2+ release into the cytoplasm

      Explanation:

      Action potentials are transmitted to the fibrils of a fiber through the T tubule system. It triggers the release of Ca 2+ from the terminal cisterns. Depolarization of the T tubules activates the sarcoplasmic reticulum through the dihydropyridine receptors, which are voltage gated calcium channels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      28.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which cells are considered the source of IL-3? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells are considered the source of IL-3?

      Your Answer: T lymphocytes

      Explanation:

      IL-3 stimulates haematopoiesis and is secreted mainly from the T lymphocytes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Immunology
      • Medicine
      5.5
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which one of the following transporters is involved in facilitated diffusion? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following transporters is involved in facilitated diffusion?

      Your Answer: Na+-linked glucose transport

      Correct Answer: GLUT2

      Explanation:

      GLUT 2 is a bidirectional transporter, allowing glucose to flow in 2 directions via facilitated diffusion. Is expressed by renal tubular cells, liver cells and pancreatic beta cells. It is also present in the basolateral membrane of the small intestine epithelium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cell Biology
      • Medicine
      24.4
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of ...

    Incorrect

    • The pyloric sphincter is largely made up of thickening of

      Your Answer: Both the oblique and the circular muscle layers

      Correct Answer: The circular muscle layer

      Explanation:

      The pyloric sphincter, or valve, is a strong ring of smooth muscle (circular muscle layer) at the end of the pyloric canal which lets food pass from the stomach to the duodenum. It controls the outflow of gastric contents into the duodenum. It receives sympathetic innervation from the celiac ganglion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      21
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - A 23 year old male presents with a history of lower back pain...

    Incorrect

    • A 23 year old male presents with a history of lower back pain for the last one year. Presence of which of the following features most likely points towards ankylosing spondylitis?

      Your Answer: Presence of HLA-B27 antigen on tissue typing

      Correct Answer: Bilateral erosion of sacroiliac joints on X-ray

      Explanation:

      Bilateral erosions of the sacroiliac joints on pelvic radiographs of patients with ankylosing spondylitis are an important feature of the modified New York classification criteria. Although HLA-B27 is commonly associated with AS, it can also be found in normal individuals. Back stiffness is worse in the morning and gets better as the day progresses. Tenderness and limited lumbar motion can be associated with other spine problems as well and is not characteristic of rheumatoid arthritis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Connective Tissue
      • Medicine
      21.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by which of the following? ...

    Incorrect

    • The intrinsic pathway of coagulation is activated by which of the following?

      Your Answer: Activation of factor viii

      Correct Answer: Collagen fibers underlying the endothelium

      Explanation:

      The contact activation (intrinsic) pathway begins with formation of the primary complex on collagen by high-molecular-weight kininogen (HMWK), prekallikrein, and FXII (Hageman factor).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      36.5
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - A 85 year old male with a history of Alzheimer's dementia was brought...

    Incorrect

    • A 85 year old male with a history of Alzheimer's dementia was brought into Casualty by family members, who stated that he had episodes of aggression. Which of the following drugs is most suitable as the pharmacological management for this presentation?

      Your Answer: Diazepam

      Correct Answer: Risperidone

      Explanation:

      Regarding the pharmacological management, Risperidone is the most suitable drug from the given answers as it is recommended for the treatment of aggression associated with moderate to severe Alzheimer’s disease. Quetiapine and Benzodiazepine are not recommended.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Geriatrics
      • Medicine
      49.5
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following? ...

    Correct

    • The chief cells of the stomach secrete which of the following?

      Your Answer: Pepsinogens

      Explanation:

      A gastric chief cell (or peptic cell, or gastric zymogenic cell) is a type of cell in the stomach that releases pepsinogen and gastric lipase.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      6.2
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - In which cell would you find a Nissl body? ...

    Correct

    • In which cell would you find a Nissl body?

      Your Answer: Bipolar neuron

      Explanation:

      Nissl bodies are the structures of protein synthesis in neurones. They are granular bodies of Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum and ribosomes. Astrocytes, Microglia, Schwann cell, oligodendrocytes are collectively known as glia or supporting cells of the nervous system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      111.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?...

    Incorrect

    • The major factor in controlling coronary artery blood flow is considered to be?

      Your Answer: Shear pressure in coronary vessels

      Correct Answer: Metabolites of oxygen consumption

      Explanation:

      There is a strong relationship between myocardial blood flow and oxygen consumption. This indicates that products of metabolism may cause vasodilation of the coronary artery.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity?

      Your Answer: Neurogenesis

      Correct Answer: Working memory

      Explanation:

      Synaptic plasticity is an important neurochemical foundation of working memory and generation of memory. Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      10.1
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - The enzyme responsible for telomeres maintaining their length after cell division is called:...

    Correct

    • The enzyme responsible for telomeres maintaining their length after cell division is called:

      Your Answer: Telomerase

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences. Telomerase activity is exhibited in gametes and stem and tumor cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - A patient who has recently been diagnosed with SLE undergoes serum testing. A...

    Correct

    • A patient who has recently been diagnosed with SLE undergoes serum testing. A rise in which of the following antibodies would indicate severe systemic involvement?

      Your Answer: Anti double-stranded DNA antibodies

      Explanation:

      Anti ds-DNA antibodies are very specific for SLE and their presence most often indicates systemic spread of the disease. These antibodies are present in about 30 percent of the total cases of SLE.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Connective Tissue
      • Medicine
      11.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - From which of the following can niacin be synthesized in humans ...

    Correct

    • From which of the following can niacin be synthesized in humans

      Your Answer: Tryptophan

      Explanation:

      Niacin, is also known as vitamin B3. The liver can synthesize niacin from the essential amino acid tryptophan, requiring 60 mg of tryptophan to make one mg of niacin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Haematology
      • Medicine
      12.1
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Which of the following biochemical profiles is seen in a normal 65 year...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following biochemical profiles is seen in a normal 65 year old female? (in comparison to a normal 24 yr. old female)

      Your Answer: Decreased FSH, LH; decreased oestrogen, progesterone

      Correct Answer: Increased FSH, LH; decreased oestrogen, progesterone

      Explanation:

      During menopause, a woman’s number of ovarian follicles becomes depleted; as a result, oestrogen and progesterone levels drop, and LH and FSH levels increase. One of the criteria to diagnose menopause is the absence of menstrual period for a year, along with a serum FSH level increased to 30 mIU/ml or higher. LH also rises with the onset of menopause.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      31.5
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most of the ventricular filling...

    Correct

    • During which phase of the cardiac cycle does most of the ventricular filling occur?

      Your Answer: Ventricular diastole

      Explanation:

      During the phase of ventricular diastole when the heart muscle relaxes and all the valves are open, blood flows easily into the heart. This is the phase of rapid ventricular filling. During isovolumetric contraction and relaxation the volume of blood in the heart does not change. During ventricular ejection blood enters into the aorta and pulmonary vessels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      21.4
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Carotid bodies... ...

    Correct

    • Carotid bodies...

      Your Answer: Are located near the bifurcation of the carotid arteries bilaterally

      Explanation:

      The carotid body is a small cluster of chemoreceptors and supporting cells located near the fork (bifurcation) of the carotid artery (which runs along both sides of the throat).The carotid body detects changes in the composition of arterial blood flowing through it, mainly the partial pressure of oxygen, but also of carbon dioxide. Furthermore, it is also sensitive to changes in pH and temperature. Carotid bodies trigger an action potential through the afferent fibers of the glossopharyngeal nerve,

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Respiratory
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which...

    Incorrect

    • Calcium induced calcium release occurs in the sarcoplasmic reticulum by activation of which receptors

      Your Answer: Dihydropyridine receptors

      Correct Answer: Ryanodine receptors

      Explanation:

      Calcium-induced calcium release (CICR) describes a biological process whereby calcium is able to activate calcium release from intracellular Ca2+ stores (e.g., endoplasmic reticulum or sarcoplasmic reticulum). CICR occurs when the resulting Ca2+ influx activates ryanodine receptors on the SR membrane, which causes more Ca2+ to be released into the cytosol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Anti-gastroesophageal reflux mechanisms include the following except:

      Your Answer: The sling fibers of the stomach

      Correct Answer: Peristaltic movements of the oesophagus

      Explanation:

      The lower oesophageal sphincter contracts preventing reflux of acid into the oesophagus. The sling muscles of the stomach, the crura of the diaphragm and the phreno-oesophageal ligament all play an important role in constricting the lower portion of the oesophagus and preventing reflux. Peristaltic movements do not stop the acid reflux.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      30.4
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that...

    Correct

    • Which of the following acts on the pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice that is rich in enzymes?

      Your Answer: CCK

      Explanation:

      CCK (Cholecystokinin): CCK is released by the duodenum in response to the presence of fats and proteins in the small intestine. It stimulates the pancreas to secrete enzyme-rich pancreatic juice, which aids in the digestion of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates. It also stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.

      Secretin: Secretin is released by the duodenum in response to acidic chyme entering from the stomach. It primarily stimulates the pancreas to release bicarbonate-rich pancreatic juice to neutralize the acid, but it does not primarily stimulate enzyme secretion.

      Gastrin: Gastrin is produced by G-cells in the stomach. It stimulates gastric acid secretion by the stomach, not pancreatic enzyme secretion.

      Chymotrypsin: Chymotrypsin is an enzyme produced by the pancreas. It does not act to stimulate the pancreas; rather, it is a component of the pancreatic juice that helps digest proteins.

      Elastase: Elastase is also an enzyme produced by the pancreas. Like chymotrypsin, it is involved in the digestion of proteins and does not stimulate the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Gastrointestinal
      • Medicine
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The following contributes to the rate of depolarization? ...

    Correct

    • The following contributes to the rate of depolarization?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Depolarization occurs due to impulses generated by the SA node. As the heart beats to the rhythm of the SA node, certain factors will effect the rate of depolarization. All the mentioned options effect the rate of depolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - A son has brought his 72-year-old mother to clinic. He is concerned about...

    Correct

    • A son has brought his 72-year-old mother to clinic. He is concerned about her short-term memory problems for the past 10 months. He has to remind her to take her medications and she has had two incidents of falling over in the last 10 months. Which of the following assists in the diagnosis of above condition?

      Your Answer: Progressive loss of function

      Explanation:

      The clinical presentation is dementia. To differentiate Alzheimer disease and vascular dementia, the progressive loss of function is important. Progressive loss of function is usually associated with vascular dementia and rest of the responses are associated with Alzheimer disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Geriatrics
      • Medicine
      47.2
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Which of the following enzymes are involved in Phase I drug metabolism? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following enzymes are involved in Phase I drug metabolism?

      Your Answer: Alcohol dehydrogenase

      Explanation:

      Drug metabolism can be broadly classified into:Phase I (functionalization) reactions: also termed non-synthetic reactions, they include oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, cyclization and de-cyclization. The most common and vital reactions are oxidation reactions. (Of the given enzymes only Alcohol dehydrogenase is involved in phase I drug metabolism. Succinate dehydrogenase, is a vital enzyme involved in the Kreb’s cycle and the mitochondrial electron transport chain). They are mainly catalysed by Cytochrome P-450 enzyme.Phase II (conjugation) reactions: occur following phase I reactions, they include reactions: glucuronidation and sulphate conjugation, etc. They are mostly catalysed by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase enzyme. Other phase II enzymes include: sulfotransferases, N-acetyltransferases, glutathione S-transferases and methyltransferases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Pharmacology
      6.6
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Where would one normally find venous valves? ...

    Correct

    • Where would one normally find venous valves?

      Your Answer: Saphenous vein

      Explanation:

      The intima of the limb veins is folded at intervals to form venous valves that prevent retrograde flow. There are no valves present in the very small veins, the great veins, or the veins in the brain and viscera.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.2
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The layers of the neocortex from the 1st to the 6th are arranged...

    Incorrect

    • The layers of the neocortex from the 1st to the 6th are arranged as follows:

      Your Answer: Multiform, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, molecular

      Correct Answer: Molecular, external granular, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal, multiform

      Explanation:

      The layers of neocortex from outermost to innermost include: the molecular, external granular layer, external pyramidal, internal granular, internal pyramidal and multiform layer.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Neurology
      44.8
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following makes up the thick filaments in muscle fibers? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following makes up the thick filaments in muscle fibers?

      Your Answer: Myosin

      Explanation:

      The thick filaments are made up of myosin and the thin filaments are made up of actin. The thick filaments are twice the size of the thin filaments and are aligned to form the A band. The thin filaments extending out from the A band form the less dense I bands.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      18.9
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:...

    Correct

    • The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Antibiotic resistance may happen by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Antibiotic resistance may happen by:

      Your Answer: By transduction when naked DNA is incorporated by the host DNA

      Correct Answer: By enzymes which inactivate the drug

      Explanation:

      The three main mechanisms of antibiotic resistance are, enzymatic degradation of antibacterial drugs, alteration of bacterial proteins that are antimicrobial targets, and changes in membrane permeability to antibiotics.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Infectious Diseases
      • Medicine
      49
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production...

    Correct

    • The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production and release of which factor?

      Your Answer: Von Willebrand factor

      Explanation:

      Weibel-Palade bodies are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart. They store and release two principal molecules, von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, and thus play a dual role in haemostasis and inflammation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      47.6
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - If O2 makes up 21% of air, then at one atmosphere (760mmHg) it...

    Correct

    • If O2 makes up 21% of air, then at one atmosphere (760mmHg) it would be expected that the PO2 of inspired air should be 0,21 x 760 = 160mmHg. In the alveoli the actual measure is 149mmHg because…

      Your Answer: Water is equilibrated with air

      Explanation:

      There are several factors that determine the value of alveolar partial oxygen pressure including: the pressure of outside air, the partial pressure of inspired oxygen and carbon dioxide, the rates of total body oxygen consumption and carbon dioxide production, the rates of alveolar ventilation and perfusion. The alveolar partial pressure is lower than the atmospheric oxygen partial pressure. One reason is, as the air enters the lungs, it is humidified by the upper airway and thus the partial pressure of water vapour reduces the oxygen partial pressure as water is equilibrated with air.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Medicine
      • Respiratory
      17.8
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (6/8) 75%
Medicine (18/30) 60%
Immunology (1/1) 100%
Cell Biology (0/1) 0%
Gastrointestinal (2/4) 50%
Connective Tissue (1/2) 50%
Haematology (1/2) 50%
Geriatrics (1/2) 50%
Neurology (1/3) 33%
Genetics (2/2) 100%
Endocrinology (0/1) 0%
Respiratory (2/2) 100%
Pharmacology (1/1) 100%
Infectious Diseases (0/1) 0%
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