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  • Question 1 - The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed...

    Incorrect

    • The mitochondrial chromosome is a circular DNA molecule. They encode for proteins needed for ATP production. These proteins are also essential for:

      Your Answer: Oxidative phosphorylation

      Correct Answer: Apoptotic cell death

      Explanation:

      The intrinsic pathway or the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis is activated due to the loss of BCL-2 and other antiapoptotic proteins. This loss results in the increased membrane permeability and release of cytochrome C which activates caspases downstream resulting in apoptosis.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      20
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - During which stage does the mitotic apparatus dissolute? ...

    Incorrect

    • During which stage does the mitotic apparatus dissolute?

      Your Answer: Metaphase

      Correct Answer: Telophase

      Explanation:

      In telophase the nuclear envelope along with the nucleolus will reappear. The daughter nuclei will enlarge as the chromosome will decondense again. Along with this, cytokinesis will occur. At the end of cytokinesis the daughter centrioles will move from the poles to the intercellular bridge where they will be disassembled and complete the separation of the daughter cells

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Regarding Polymerase Chain Reaction, all are true except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Polymerase Chain Reaction, all are true except:

      Your Answer: Amplifies DNA between two short single stranded oligonucleotide primers

      Correct Answer: There is a linear rise of DNA copies during amplification.

      Explanation:

      All are true except there is a linear rise of DNA copies during amplification. There is an exponential rise in amplification of DNA.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      20
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - What is the protective hexametric sequence at the ends of chromosomes called? ...

    Correct

    • What is the protective hexametric sequence at the ends of chromosomes called?

      Your Answer: Telomere

      Explanation:

      Telomeres are non coding DNA plus proteins that are found at the end of the linear chromosomes. They maintain the integrity of the chromosomes and prevent their shortening.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      6.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - In a knockout mouse model the process used to combine the new DNA...

    Incorrect

    • In a knockout mouse model the process used to combine the new DNA sequence and the stem cells is known as:

      Your Answer: Recombination

      Correct Answer: Insertion

      Explanation:

      Chimerisation is also known as the formation of recombinant DNA. When a foreign DNA sequence is inserted into a plasmid or other DNA sequence, this process is known as insertion.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      158.1
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - During which phase are the 2 chromatids pulled apart at the centromere? ...

    Correct

    • During which phase are the 2 chromatids pulled apart at the centromere?

      Your Answer: Anaphase

      Explanation:

      During the prometaphase the microtubule organizing centre completely develops. The spindle fibers attach to the chromosome and the centriole. It is in the Anaphase however that the spindle fibers contract pulling the sister chromatids apart. Later in the anaphase a cleave furrow beings to forms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - “Ploidy” is a term used to refer to the number of chromosomes in...

    Incorrect

    • “Ploidy” is a term used to refer to the number of chromosomes in cells. Cancer cells are commonly:

      Your Answer: Euploidy

      Correct Answer: Aneuploidy

      Explanation:

      Cancer cells most commonly undergo disordered cell growth and cell division. This results in an additional number of chromosomes called aneuploidy. This is a characteristic of cancer cells along with variation in differentiation of the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      11.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Which of the following statements is not true about mitochondrial chromosomes? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is not true about mitochondrial chromosomes?

      Your Answer: Are circular DNA molecules of approximately 16 500 base pairs, and every base-pair makes up part of the coding sequence

      Correct Answer: Mitochondrial chromosomes play no role in the transmission of disease from generation to generation.

      Explanation:

      All the above mentioned statements are true except that mitochondrial DNA is passed from the mother to the child. If the child inherits the defective mitochondrial gene it will manifest some form of the disease. Commonly inherited diseases related to mitochondrial abnormality are Leber hereditary optic neuropathy and myoclonic epilepsy with ragged red fibers (MERRF).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      24.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which of the following are true when it comes to tumour suppressor genes:...

    Correct

    • Which of the following are true when it comes to tumour suppressor genes:

      Your Answer: All of the options are true

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding tumour suppressor genes. Tumour suppressor genes generally follow the two-hit hypothesis, which implies that both alleles that code for a particular protein must be affected before an effect is manifested.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      12.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following with regard to autosomal dominant disorders are true: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following with regard to autosomal dominant disorders are true:

      Your Answer: The offspring of a heterozygous individual has a 50% chance of inheriting the chromosome carrying the disease allele

      Explanation:

      50% of the children will be effected from parents who are heterozygous for an autosomal dominant disorder. An allele can be dominant or recessive. Individuals, meanwhile, can be homozygous or heterozygous: individuals who are homozygous for a certain gene carry two copies of the same allele. individuals who are heterozygous for a certain gene carry two different alleles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      16.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - With regard to X-linked disorders which of the following are true: ...

    Incorrect

    • With regard to X-linked disorders which of the following are true:

      Your Answer: None of the above

      Correct Answer: X linked recessive disorders usually present in males and only very rarely present in homozygous females

      Explanation:

      X linked disorders are more common in males as they only need one mutated copy of the X chromosome to manifest the disease with full severity while the females need two X chromosomes to manifest the disease, even with one defected X chromosome the severity is less than that seen in males.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      28.4
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become condensed into well-defined chromosomes?...

    Correct

    • In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become condensed into well-defined chromosomes?

      Your Answer: Metaphase

      Explanation:

      Prophase begins when the nucleus envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes start to condense. The chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids that are joined at a constriction known as centromere. When the cell reaches the metaphase the chromosomes are completely condensed and ready to align on the equatorial plate

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following is true for P 53: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is true for P 53:

      Your Answer: It binds e2f and stops the cell cycle at the g 1 phase

      Correct Answer: It is induced by ‘broken’ DNA

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding tumour suppressor genes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      12.4
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - The process of DNA amplification and quantification is called: ...

    Incorrect

    • The process of DNA amplification and quantification is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: PCR

      Explanation:

      PCR/polymerase chain reaction is a procedure carried out in a test tube that can be used on the smallest amount of DNA to amplify it, allowing for millions of copies of specific nucleotides to be made.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Defects in chromosomal structure (and examples) include those mentioned below except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Defects in chromosomal structure (and examples) include those mentioned below except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Lyonization (x-linked disorders)

      Explanation:

      All are true except for A) Lyonization which is the inactivation of the X chromosomes in a female. It is not a chromosomal abnormality.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Normal eukaryote somatic cells have: ...

    Incorrect

    • Normal eukaryote somatic cells have:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 23 pairs of chromosomes

      Explanation:

      A normal somatic eukaryotic cell contains 46 chromosomes i.e. 23 pairs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - In meiosis, the period of prophase 1 involves: ...

    Incorrect

    • In meiosis, the period of prophase 1 involves:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Replicated DNA condensing to form visible chromosomes

      Explanation:

      Prophase 1 has been divided into five different stages (laptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene and diakinesis). In prophase 1, chromosomes are going to condense to become visible, each chromosome will contain two chromatids that are joined at the centromere.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following conditions is NOT X-linked recessive? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following conditions is NOT X-linked recessive?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cystic fibrosis

      Explanation:

      Cystic fibrosis is a autosomal recessive disease with an incidence of about 1 in 2500 live births. The most common mutation occurs in the long arm of chromosome 7 which codes for the chloride channel (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator) gene.

      To have CF, a child must inherit two abnormal genes—one from each parent. The recessive CF gene can occur in both boys and girls because it is located on non-sex-linked chromosomes called autosomal chromosomes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Regarding Southern Blotting and DNA probes, which answer is FALSE ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Southern Blotting and DNA probes, which answer is FALSE

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: RNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Explanation:

      Restriction enzymes always cut at different positions. There are different restriction endonucleases for different nucleotide sequences.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Regarding restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and Gene Knockout Mouse Models. All are...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP) and Gene Knockout Mouse Models. All are true except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: In knockout mouse models a gene is turned on through targeted mutation

      Explanation:

      In RFLP, polymorphism occurs in 98% of the non coding genome, resulting in no phenotypical change in the organism. A gene is not turned on by a mutation, rather the mutation at the restriction site will alter the DNA and the DNA will now form fragments of different lengths. PCR is a better technique than RFLP.

      A knockout, as related to genomics, refers to the use of genetic engineering to inactivate or remove one or more specific genes from an organism. Scientists create knockout organisms to study the impact of removing a gene from an organism, which often allows them to then learn something about that gene’s function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Consanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance? ...

    Incorrect

    • Consanguinity shows a strong association with which pattern of inheritance?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Autosomal recessive

      Explanation:

      Consanguinity involves being from the same kinship as another person. It is a common feature of an autosomal recessive mode of inheritance

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Male to male transmission is a key factor of which type of inheritance?...

    Incorrect

    • Male to male transmission is a key factor of which type of inheritance?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Autosomal dominant

      Explanation:

      Autosomal dominant type of inheritance can include both sexes in the same ratio. There is no skipping a generation and father to son transmission is common. The passing of the trait is sex independent.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Three adjacent nucleotides code for a particular amino acid. These are called codons....

    Incorrect

    • Three adjacent nucleotides code for a particular amino acid. These are called codons. How many common amino acids are there and how many potential codon combinations make up the genetic code?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 20 amino acids, 64 codon combinations

      Explanation:

      There are around 20 amino acids and 61 out of the 64 combinations of codon code for these 20 common amino acids.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following with regard to DNA mutations does not fit:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All gene mutations cause clinical disease entities

      Explanation:

      All gene mutations do not cause a clinical manifestation of the disease, some gene mutations are silent mutations. They are present but do not cause any disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Carcinogens found in cigarette smoke can transform proto-oncogenes to oncogenes through: ...

    Incorrect

    • Carcinogens found in cigarette smoke can transform proto-oncogenes to oncogenes through:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Point mutations in genomic DNA

      Explanation:

      80% of the pancreatic cancers are environmentally influenced by smoking which increases the risk by 50%. Mutation can occur in the KRAS, p16, SMAD4, and TP53 genes among other tumour suppression genes. Smoking can be implicated in transformation of all these genes. Apart from KRAS all the genes are inactivated in pancreatic cancer. As KRAS is the most commonly altered gene, mutation occurs as point mutation. As smoking is the most common aetiology in pancreatic cancer, and KRAS is the most important gene that is altered. Most commonly cigarette smoke causes point mutation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      All are true for autosomal recessive disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is...

    Incorrect

    • The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Telomeres are best described as: ...

    Incorrect

    • Telomeres are best described as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A repetitive DNA sequence at the end of a DNA molecule.

      Explanation:

      Telomeres are non-coding DNA consisting of repetitive nucleotide sequences plus proteins that are found at the end of the linear chromosomes. They maintain the integrity of the chromosomes and prevent their shortening.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - In most somatic cells telomeres progressively shorten as: ...

    Incorrect

    • In most somatic cells telomeres progressively shorten as:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The cell divides

      Explanation:

      Telomere length shortens with age. Progressive shortening of telomeres leads to senescence, apoptosis, or oncogenic transformation of somatic cells, affecting the health and lifespan of an individual. Telomeres prevent the chromosomes from shortening and prevent the coding portion of the DNA from being lost, thus allowing the cell to replicate indefinitely. During replication telomeres may be lost resulting in cell death.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Which statement about X linked dominant disorders is FALSE? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement about X linked dominant disorders is FALSE?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Heterozygous females tend to have the disease more severely than affected males.

      Explanation:

      Women who have the affected X chromosome will be affected, but the severity will be less than that in males as they have a normal X chromosome to counter the effect of the mutated X chromosome. Affected males will pass on the defect to their daughters 100% of the time but not to their sons.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 31 - Immortality can result from over expression of which enzyme? ...

    Incorrect

    • Immortality can result from over expression of which enzyme?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Telomerase

      Explanation:

      Telomerase activity is seen in germ cells and is absent in somatic cells. Telomeres prevent the chromosomes from shortening and prevent the coding portion of the DNA from being lost, thus allowing the cell to replicate indefinitely.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 32 - Which statement is incorrect regarding transcription of DNA? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which statement is incorrect regarding transcription of DNA?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: A gene is always read in the 3’-5’ orientation and at 3’ promoter sites.

      Explanation:

      In both prokaryotes and eukaryotes RNA polymerase acts in the 5′-3′ direction and hence the RNA is transcribed in this direction. The mRNA produced is immature as it has introns as well as exons presents. It undergoes a process known as splicing to remove the exons and then interacts with the ribosomes to form proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 33 - During which phase of the cell cycle does transcription of DNA synthesis molecules...

    Incorrect

    • During which phase of the cell cycle does transcription of DNA synthesis molecules occur?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: S

      Explanation:

      DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. In the G1 phase the cell prepares to divide. In G2 the cellular organelles divide and in the M phase mitosis occur. In the G0 phase the cell becomes quiescent and does not divide further.

      Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 34 - The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:...

    Incorrect

    • The process whereby DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 35 - Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the structure of DNA?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is an incorrect statement regarding the structure of DNA?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: The two strands of DNA are held together by cysteine bonds.

      Explanation:

      The two strands of DNA are held together by hydrogen bonds formed between the nucleotide bases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 36 - In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become completely condensed into well-defined...

    Incorrect

    • In which phase do chromosomes in the nucleus become completely condensed into well-defined chromosomes?

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Metaphase

      Explanation:

      Prophase begins when the nucleus envelope disintegrates and the chromosomes start to condense. The chromosomes consist of two sister chromatids that are joined at a constriction known as centromere. When the cell reaches the metaphase the chromosomes are completely condensed and ready to align on the equatorial plate

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 37 - The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which...

    Incorrect

    • The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which end of the guanosine rich region.

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: 3rd end

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that uses the RNA template to synthesize DNA in the 5th-3rd direction resulting in extension of the 3rd end and then translocates it to the newly synthesized end. The GT rich strand is thus elongated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 38 - Restriction Enzymes... ...

    Incorrect

    • Restriction Enzymes...

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Cut DNA sequences at specific sites

      Explanation:

      Restriction endonucleases are enzymes that recognise short sequences of double stranded DNA and cut them at specific nucleotide points or sequences. These sequences differ for different restriction endonucleases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 39 - The chromosomes that principally encode for proteins or RNA molecules involved in mitochondrial...

    Incorrect

    • The chromosomes that principally encode for proteins or RNA molecules involved in mitochondrial function are found:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: In the nucleus of each diploid cell

      Explanation:

      While mitochondria have their own small circular DNA (mtDNA) that encodes some of the proteins and RNAs required for mitochondrial function, the majority of proteins involved in mitochondrial function are encoded by nuclear DNA. These nuclear genes are transcribed in the nucleus and then translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. The proteins are subsequently imported into the mitochondria.

      Therefore, the correct answer is:

      • In the nucleus of each diploid cell

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

  • Question 40 - Regarding DNA cloning and sequencing, all of the following are true, except: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding DNA cloning and sequencing, all of the following are true, except:

      Your Answer:

      Correct Answer: Yeast artificial chromosomes ( yacs) are vectors

      Explanation:

      Yeast chromosomes cannot be used as a vector. All the rest are true. Vectors can be bacteria, viruses and plasmids. DNA ligase binds the DNA fragment to the host DNA after insertion. Fluorescence can be used to visualize them.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      0
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Genetics (5/13) 38%
Medicine (5/13) 38%
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