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  • Question 1 - Regarding Southern Blotting and DNA probes, which answer is FALSE ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Southern Blotting and DNA probes, which answer is FALSE

      Your Answer: DNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Correct Answer: RNA fragments are separated by gel electrophoresis and transferred onto membrane sheets in southern blotting

      Explanation:

      Restriction enzymes always cut at different positions. There are different restriction endonucleases for different nucleotide sequences.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      29
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which statement is incorrect? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement is incorrect?

      Your Answer: Translation begins when the triplet (UGA) encoding for methionine is encountered.

      Explanation:

      Translation being when the codon for methionine is encountered which is AUG not UGA. This process is known as initiation. All the other options are correct.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      18.3
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Carcinogens found in cigarette smoke can transform proto-oncogenes to oncogenes through: ...

    Correct

    • Carcinogens found in cigarette smoke can transform proto-oncogenes to oncogenes through:

      Your Answer: Point mutations in genomic DNA

      Explanation:

      80% of the pancreatic cancers are environmentally influenced by smoking which increases the risk by 50%. Mutation can occur in the KRAS, p16, SMAD4, and TP53 genes among other tumour suppression genes. Smoking can be implicated in transformation of all these genes. Apart from KRAS all the genes are inactivated in pancreatic cancer. As KRAS is the most commonly altered gene, mutation occurs as point mutation. As smoking is the most common aetiology in pancreatic cancer, and KRAS is the most important gene that is altered. Most commonly cigarette smoke causes point mutation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - When during the cell cycle does DNA replication occur? ...

    Correct

    • When during the cell cycle does DNA replication occur?

      Your Answer: S phase

      Explanation:

      The S phase is known as the synthesis phase. During this phase DNA will begin to replicated, as well as the synthesis of the centrosomes and associated proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.4
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Near the transcription site of a gene, the site at which RNA polymerase...

    Correct

    • Near the transcription site of a gene, the site at which RNA polymerase and its cofactors bind is known as the:

      Your Answer: Promotor

      Explanation:

      Transcription will begin when the RNA polymerase II binds to the promotor. The promotor is a sequence of 25 nucleotides found upstream from the start site of transcription. This promotor sequence is known as the TATA box. Transcription factors also bond along with RNA polymerase to this site to form a complex. However some may bind to regulatory elements proximal to the promotor site.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      3.3
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The enzyme responsible for telomeres maintaining their length after cell division is called:...

    Correct

    • The enzyme responsible for telomeres maintaining their length after cell division is called:

      Your Answer: Telomerase

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is the enzyme responsible for maintenance of the length of telomeres by addition of guanine-rich repetitive sequences. Telomerase activity is exhibited in gametes and stem and tumor cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The following cells replicate without shortening their telomeres because they express telomerase. ...

    Correct

    • The following cells replicate without shortening their telomeres because they express telomerase.

      Your Answer: Germ cells

      Explanation:

      Telomerase activity is seen in germ cells and is absent in somatic cells. Telomeres prevent the chromosomes from shortening and prevent the coding portion of the DNA from being lost, thus allowing the cell to replicate indefinitely. During replication telomeres may be lost resulting in cell death.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - What is the role of cyclin and cyklin-dependent kinases in mitosis: ...

    Correct

    • What is the role of cyclin and cyklin-dependent kinases in mitosis:

      Your Answer: Phosphorylation of proteins that make up pre-replication complexes

      Explanation:

      There are certain regulators of the cell cycles that mediate progression through the cell cycle. These are cyclins and cyklin-dependent kinases (CDKs). They form a complex that phosphorylates protein involved in the cell cycle.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      16.7
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which statement is correct? ...

    Correct

    • Which statement is correct?

      Your Answer: MtDNA principally encodes for proteins that are involved in oxidative phosphorylation for the production of ATP in the cell.

      Explanation:

      Mitochondria have no nucleus instead they contain their own free floating circular genome (MtDNA), which encodes 13 different subunits of proteins involved in oxidative phosphorylation. The remainder of the mitochondrial proteins are nuclear encoded, synthesized in the cytoplasm, and transported into the mitochondria.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The chromosomes that principally encode for proteins or RNA molecules involved in mitochondrial...

    Correct

    • The chromosomes that principally encode for proteins or RNA molecules involved in mitochondrial function are found:

      Your Answer: In the nucleus of each diploid cell

      Explanation:

      While mitochondria have their own small circular DNA (mtDNA) that encodes some of the proteins and RNAs required for mitochondrial function, the majority of proteins involved in mitochondrial function are encoded by nuclear DNA. These nuclear genes are transcribed in the nucleus and then translated into proteins in the cytoplasm. The proteins are subsequently imported into the mitochondria.

      Therefore, the correct answer is:

      • In the nucleus of each diploid cell

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      4
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is...

    Correct

    • The process where by DNA fragments are separated by size and charge is called:

      Your Answer: Gel electrophoresis

      Explanation:

      Fragments of DNA of varying length can be separated on the basis of their charge and their size by a process called gel electrophoresis. Because DNA contains negatively charged phosphate groups, it will migrate in an electric field toward the positive electrode. Shorter chains migrate more rapidly through the pores of the gel, and thus separation depends on length. DNA bands in the gel can be visualized by various techniques including staining with dyes and autoradiography.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.8
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Telomerase is active in the following cells except: ...

    Correct

    • Telomerase is active in the following cells except:

      Your Answer: Certain osteoblasts

      Explanation:

      Some cells have the ability to reverse telomere shortening by expressing telomerase, an enzyme that extends the telomeres of chromosomes. Telomerase is an RNA-dependent DNA polymerase, meaning an enzyme that can make DNA using RNA as a template.

      Telomerase is not usually active in most somatic cells (cells of the body), but it’s active in germ cells (the cells that make sperm and eggs) and some adult stem cells. These are cell types that need to undergo many divisions, or, in the case of germ cells, give rise to a new organism with its telomeric “clock” reset.
      Interestingly, many cancer cells have shortened telomeres, and telomerase is active in these cells. If telomerase could be inhibited by drugs as part of cancer therapy, their excess division (and thus, the growth of the cancerous tumor) could potentially be stopped.
       A subset of liver cells with high levels of telomerase renews the organ during normal cell turnover and after injury.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      5.2
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which of the following with regard to autosomal dominant disorders are true: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following with regard to autosomal dominant disorders are true:

      Your Answer: The offspring of a heterozygous individual has a 50% chance of inheriting the chromosome carrying the disease allele

      Explanation:

      50% of the children will be effected from parents who are heterozygous for an autosomal dominant disorder. An allele can be dominant or recessive. Individuals, meanwhile, can be homozygous or heterozygous: individuals who are homozygous for a certain gene carry two copies of the same allele. individuals who are heterozygous for a certain gene carry two different alleles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders: ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following are true with regard to autosomal recessive disorders:

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      All are true for autosomal recessive disorders.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      6
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - During which phase of meiosis does exchange of genetic material occur accounting for...

    Correct

    • During which phase of meiosis does exchange of genetic material occur accounting for genetic diversity between individuals:

      Your Answer: Prophase 1

      Explanation:

      Prophase 1 has been divided into five different stages ( laptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene ans diakinesis). In prophase 1 chromosomes are going to condense to become visible, each chromosome will contain two chromatids that are joined at the centromere. the nucleolus and nuclear envelope are going to disintegrate. the homologous chromosomes will form tetrad and crossing over will occur between the chromosomes (random exchange of genes), the point of exchange is known as the chiasmata, this increases genetic diversity.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      4.2
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - The process by which DNA fragments are separated by gel and transferred onto...

    Correct

    • The process by which DNA fragments are separated by gel and transferred onto a membrane sheet is called:

      Your Answer: Southern blotting

      Explanation:

      A Southern blot is a method used in molecular biology for detection of a specific DNA sequence in DNA samples. Southern blotting combines transfer of electrophoresis-separated DNA fragments to a filter membrane and subsequent fragment detection by probe hybridization. The other forms of blotting involve the use of RNA and proteins.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      2.7
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - During which phase of the cell cycle does transcription of DNA synthesis molecules...

    Correct

    • During which phase of the cell cycle does transcription of DNA synthesis molecules occur?

      Your Answer: S

      Explanation:

      DNA synthesis occurs in the S phase of the cell cycle. In the G1 phase the cell prepares to divide. In G2 the cellular organelles divide and in the M phase mitosis occur. In the G0 phase the cell becomes quiescent and does not divide further.

      Interphase is composed of G1 phase (cell growth), followed by S phase (DNA synthesis), followed by G2 phase (cell growth). At the end of interphase comes the mitotic phase, which is made up of mitosis and cytokinesis and leads to the formation of two daughter cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - “Ploidy” is a term used to refer to the number of chromosomes in...

    Correct

    • “Ploidy” is a term used to refer to the number of chromosomes in cells. Cancer cells are commonly:

      Your Answer: Aneuploidy

      Explanation:

      Cancer cells most commonly undergo disordered cell growth and cell division. This results in an additional number of chromosomes called aneuploidy. This is a characteristic of cancer cells along with variation in differentiation of the cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      1.6
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which...

    Correct

    • The telomerase is capable of adding several more repeats of telomeres at which end of the guanosine rich region.

      Your Answer: 3rd end

      Explanation:

      Telomerase is a reverse transcriptase that uses the RNA template to synthesize DNA in the 5th-3rd direction resulting in extension of the 3rd end and then translocates it to the newly synthesized end. The GT rich strand is thus elongated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      2
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Which of the following statements is true regarding chromosomes? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding chromosomes?

      Your Answer: All are true

      Explanation:

      All of the above mentioned statements are true regarding chromosomes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Genetics
      • Medicine
      3.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Genetics (19/20) 95%
Medicine (19/20) 95%
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