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Question 1
Correct
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Which of the following is NOT an effect of cytokine activity:
Your Answer: Opsonisation of bacteria for phagocytosis
Explanation:Cytokines are a family of chemical messengers, secreted by leucocytes, that act over short distances by binding specific receptors on target cell surfaces. They include: interleukins (act between leucocytes), interferons (inhibit replication of viruses within cells and activate macrophages and natural killer cells), growth factors, and tumour necrosis factors (kill tumour cells). Effects include: induction of fever and acute phase response, stimulation of leucocyte differentiation and maturation, leucocyte recruitment and activation and increased antibody production.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 2
Correct
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Which of the following cytokines is important for the maintenance of granulomatous inflammation:
Your Answer: TNF-alpha
Explanation:Granulomatous inflammation is a distinctive pattern of chronic inflammation that is encountered in a limited number of infectious and some non-infectious conditions. Briefly, a granuloma is a cellular attempt to contain an offending agent that is difficult to eradicate. In this attempt, there is often strong activation of T lymphocytes leading to macrophage activation, which can cause injury to normal tissues. IL-1 is important in initiating granuloma formation, IL-2 can cause them to enlarge and TNF-α maintains them.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 3
Correct
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Which of the following is NOT one of the cardinal features of acute inflammation:
Your Answer: Discharge
Explanation:Classic signs:
Rubor (redness)
Calor (heat)
Dolour (pain)
Tumour (swelling)
Functio laesa (loss of function)
These classic signs are produced by a rapid vascular response and cellular events. The main function of these events is to bring elements of the immune system to the site of injury and prevent further tissue damage. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 4
Correct
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Which of the following features of cell damage tends to be reversible:
Your Answer: Swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and some mitochondria
Explanation:Features of cell damage that tend to be reversible include: swelling of endoplasmic reticulum and some mitochondrialoss of ribosomescell stress response
Features of cell damage that tend to be irreversible include: loss of nucleolus, no ribosomes, swelling of all mitochondria, nuclear condensation, membrane blebs and holes, lysosome rupture, fragmentation of all inner membranes, nuclear breakup -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 5
Correct
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Fibrinoid necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:
Your Answer: Malignant hypertension
Explanation:Fibrinoid necrosis occurs in malignant hypertension where increased arterial pressure results in necrosis of smooth muscle wall. Eosinophilic and fibrinous deposits are seen.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 6
Correct
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Fat necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:
Your Answer: Acute pancreatitis
Explanation:Fat necrosis typically occurs following either direct trauma or from enzymatic lipolysis in acute pancreatitis, where release of triglyceride elicits a rapid inflammatory response and fat is phagocytosed by neutrophils and macrophages with subsequent fibrosis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 7
Correct
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Caseous necrosis is typically seen in which of the following:
Your Answer: Tuberculosis
Explanation:Caseous necrosis is most commonly seen in tuberculosis. Histologically, the complete loss of normal tissue architecture is replaced by amorphous, granular and eosinophilic tissue with a variable amount of fat and an appearance reminiscent of cottage cheese.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 8
Correct
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C-reactive protein (CRP) synthesis is predominantly stimulated by which of the following cytokines:
Your Answer: IL-6
Explanation:Activated leukocytes, adipocytes, and endothelial cells all release interleukin 6 (IL-6), a significant proinflammatory cytokine. The main downstream mediator of the acute phase response is C-reactive protein, which is predominantly produced by IL-6–dependent hepatic biosynthesis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 9
Correct
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You are about to perform a blood test on a patient suspected of having systemic lupus erythematosus. Which antibodies will indicate a positive result of systemic lupus erythematosus?
Your Answer: Anti-nuclear antibodies
Explanation:Antinuclear antibodies (ANA) are autoantibodies to the cells’ nucleus.
The ANA test is the most sensitive diagnostic test for verifying the disease’s diagnosis.
Other autoantibodies that may be found in SLE patients include rheumatoid factor, antiphospholipid antibodies, and antimitochondrial antibodies.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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Question 10
Correct
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Regarding apoptosis, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:
Your Answer: Apoptosis leads to cell swelling and eventual cell lysis.
Explanation:Apoptosis is a controlled form of cell death in which no cellular contents are released from the dying cell, and thus no inflammatory reaction is seen. Apoptosis may occur physiologically or pathologically. Apoptosis may be induced in two main ways: by the engagement of surface death receptors e.g. TNF-alpha (extrinsic pathway) or through cellular injury (intrinsic pathway). The end result is the activation of proteases enzymes called caspases which dismantle the cell cytoplasm and nucleus. Apoptotic cells shrink down and fragment into apoptotic bodies, each of which retains an intact cell membrane; apoptotic bodies are then targeted or rapid removal by adjacent cells. Disordered apoptosis is thought to be central to a number of important disease processes, particularly carcinogenesis.
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This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
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SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
