-
Question 1
Correct
-
Question 2
Correct
-
Interruption of the left optic tract will result in which visual field defect?
Your Answer: Right homonymous hemianopia
Explanation:Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract.
Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve.
Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion.
Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area.
Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 3
Incorrect
-
The nucleus ambiguus:
Your Answer: Receives sensory input from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue via CN VII
Correct Answer: Regulates swallowing, phonation and parasympathetic supply to the heart via CN IX, X and XI
Explanation:Nucleus Ambiguus is a group of large motor neurons found deep in the medullary reticular formation. It contains cell bodies of nerves that are responsible for the innervation of muscles of speech and swallowing which are located in the soft palate, pharynx and larynx. Additionally, it contains cholinergic preganglionic parasympathetic neurons of the heart via CN X, IX and XI
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 4
Incorrect
-
Glucose transport in the brain is mediated by:
Your Answer: GLUT 4
Correct Answer: GLUT 1
Explanation:The facilitative glucose transporter mediates the transport of glucose from blood into neurons and glia in the brain. The primary isoforms in the brain are GLUT1 detected at high concentrations.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 5
Correct
-
Wernicke’s area:
Your Answer: Is concerned with comprehension of auditory and visual information
Explanation:Wernicke’s area is located in the categorical hemisphere or left hemisphere in about 95% of right handed individuals and 60% of left handed individuals. It is involved in the comprehension or understanding of written and spoken language. In contrast Broca’s area is involved in production of language.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 6
Incorrect
-
Regarding the formation of CSF, which of the following is true?
Your Answer: The contents of CSF are uniformly in equilibrium with ECF
Correct Answer: Its composition resembles that of brain ECF
Explanation:In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid a day is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has a different electrolyte level. About 80% of CSF is produced by the choroid plexus. It is also produced by a single layer of column shaped ependymal cells. The composition and rate of CSF generation depends on several factors and is influenced by hormones and the content and pressure of blood and CSF.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
The consensual light reflex is co-ordinated mainly in the:
Your Answer: Edinger-Westphal nucleus
Explanation:The consensual light reflex occurs when an individual’s right eye is shielded and light shines into the left eye, constriction of the right pupil will occur, as well as the left. This is because the afferent signal sent through one optic nerve connects to the Edinger-Westphal nucleus, whose axons run to both the right and the left oculomotor nerves.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 8
Correct
-
The brainstem reticular formation, consists of which important control system responsible for consciousness and sleep?
Your Answer: RAS reticular activating system
Explanation:The reticular formation is a set of interconnected nuclei that are located along the brainstem. Reticular activating system (RAS) is a set of connected nuclei in the brain that is responsible for regulating wakefulness and sleep wake transitions and is the most influential component in the reticular formation.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 9
Correct
-
Efferent innervation of the muscle spindle is supplied by which type of motor neuron?
Your Answer: Gama – motor neuron
Explanation:The muscle spindle is supplied by both sensory and motor nerves. Sensory supply is via Type Ia fibers whereas the motor supply is via gamma motor neurons.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 10
Correct
-
In Argyll Robertson pupils…
Your Answer: All of the above
Explanation:Argyll Robertson pupils are bilaterally small pupils that accommodate or reduce in size near an object but do not react to light. They do not constrict when exposed to bright light. They are a highly specific sign of neurosyphilis but may be seen in diabetic neuropathy as well.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 11
Correct
-
The midbrain, medulla and pons, contain the following cranial nerve nuclei?
Your Answer: CN 3 - 12
Explanation:The cranial nerves (with the exception of I and II) originate in the brainstem, which includes the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 12
Incorrect
-
In anterograde transport, dynein proteins transmit polypeptides/proteins in which format?
Your Answer: From axons terminals to cell body (retrograde)
Correct Answer: In both of the above pathways
Explanation:The majority of axonal proteins are synthesised in the cell body and transported along the axons. Microtubules run along the length of the axon and provide tracks for transportation. Kinesin and Dynein are motor proteins that transport proteins and other organelles. Kinesin moves forward or anterograde transport from cell body to axon, whereas Dynein moves retrograde from axon to cell body.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 13
Correct
-
Choose the correct answer: The cerebrocerebellum…
Your Answer: All options are correct
Explanation:Cerebrocerebellum is comprised of two lateral regions, the cerebellar hemispheres and communicates with the cerebral cortex. It is principally responsible for controlling coordination of movement. Three fiber bundles carry the input and output of the cerebellum. There are three cerebellar peduncles with different connections and functions. The three are mainly, superior, middle and inferior. The superior cerebellar peduncle is also known as the “Brachium conjunctivum”. It predominantly contains efferent fibers from the cerebellar nuclei, as well as some afferents from the spinocerebellar tract. The efferent pathways include cerebellorubral, dentatothalamic, and fastigioreticular fibers. These are tracts projecting from the deep cerebellar nuclei to the thalamus and red nucleus. The middle cerebellar peduncle connects to the pontine nucleus and the dorsal spinocerebellar tracts run through the superior cerebellar peduncle
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 14
Correct
-
Which afferent information is carried by the dorsal column?
Your Answer: Proprioception/ discriminative touch
Explanation:The posterior grey column (dorsal column) is responsible for carrying the sensation of proprioception, two-point discrimination, and vibration to the nucleus proprius, situated anterior to the substantia gelatinosa throughout the spinal cord.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 15
Correct
-
On which presynaptic receptor does noradrenalin act to inhibit noradrenalin secretion?
Your Answer: Α2 receptor
Explanation:Adregenic receptors are A1, A2, B1, B2, B3. Out of these, the function of the A2 receptor is inhibition of transmitter release including nor adrenalin and acetylcholine of the autonomic nervous system.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 16
Correct
-
Regarding CSF:
Your Answer: Disruption of arachnoid villi function results in a communicating hydrocephalus
Explanation:In normal adults CSF volume is around 125ml to 150ml. Turnover of the entire volume of cerebrospinal fluid is about 3 to 4 times a day. Composition of CSF is similar to that of plasma except that CSF is nearly protein-free compared with plasma and has different electrolyte levels. Blockage of the foramina causes an obstructive or non-communicating hydrocephalus. Communicating hydrocephalus or non-obstructive hydrocephalus is caused by impaired CSF reabsorption in the absence of any CSF flow obstruction.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 17
Correct
-
What landmark divides the frontal and parietal lobes?
Your Answer: Central sulcus
Explanation:The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe. It contains the motor cells for the movement function of the body.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 18
Correct
-
Which part of the cerebellum is primarily responsible for equilibrium and eye movements?
Your Answer: Vestibulocerebellum
Explanation:The vestibulocerebellum develops at the same time as the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear. Its regulates balance between agonist and antagonist muscle contractions of the spine, hips, and shoulders during rapid movements.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 19
Incorrect
-
In the olfactory pathway: Mitral cells project to five regions of the olfactory cortex. Which one of the following is not one of the five regions?
Your Answer: Olfactory tubercle
Correct Answer: Posterior olfactory nucleus
Explanation:The olfactory system contains peripheral and central divisions which are connected by transduction structures. Peripheral division consists mainly of the nostrils, ethmoid bone, nasal cavity, and the olfactory epithelium. Olfactory neurons are receptor cells in the epithelium that detect odour molecules dissolved in the mucus and transmit information about the odour to the brain in a process called sensory transduction. Olfactory nerves and fibers transmit information about odours from the peripheral olfactory system to the central olfactory system of the brain. The main olfactory bulb transmits pulses to both mitral and tufted cells, which help determine odour concentration. These cells also note differences between highly similar odours and use that data to aid in later recognition. The cells are different with the mitral having low firing-rates and being easily inhibited by neighbouring cells, while tufted have high rates of firing and are more difficult to inhibit. The uncus houses the olfactory cortex which includes the piriform cortex, amygdala, olfactory tubercle, and para-hippocampal gyrus. Entorhinal cortex is an area of middle temporal lobe that has connection with the para-hippocampal gyrus.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 20
Correct
-
Select the correct pairing regarding the surface of the cerebral hemispheres.
Your Answer: Parietal lobe : primary somatosensory cortex
Explanation:Right homonymous hemianopia is due to a lesion or pressure on the left optic tract.
Total blindness of the left eye is due to a complete occlusion of the left optic nerve.
Bipolar hemianopia is due to a midline chiasmal lesion.
Left nasal hemianopia due to a lesion involving the left perichiasmal area.
Right homonymous inferior quadrantanopia is due to involvement of the lower left optic radiations. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 21
Correct
-
Which of the following runs in the upper part of the falx cerebri?
Your Answer: Superior sagittal sinus
Explanation:Falx cerebri is a sickle cell fold of dura between the two hemispheres. Its posterior part blends with the superior part of the tentorium cerebelli. The superior sagittal sinus runs in its upper fixed margin, the inferior sagittal sinus in the free concave margin and the straight sinus along its attachment to the tentorium cerebelli.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 22
Incorrect
-
The small opening in the cochlea through which the upper scala vestibuli and lower scala tympani communicates is called the:
Your Answer: Oval window
Correct Answer: Helicotrema
Explanation:The helicotrema is the part of cochlear labyrinth where the scala tympani and the scala vestibuli meet.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 23
Correct
-
Which one of the following nerve fibers is involved in proprioception?
Your Answer: An α fiber
Explanation:Proprioception, also known as kinaesthesia, is the sense through which humans perceive their own position and movements. α nerve fibers are specifically involved in transmitting proprioception stimuli.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 24
Correct
-
Which neurotransmitter is released from the postganglionic fibers in the sympathetic division?
Your Answer: Noradrenalin
Explanation:Noradrenalin Is the neurotransmitter that is released from the postganglionic fibers of the sympathetic division. It is stored in granules at the sympathetic knobs. It Is a methyl derivative.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 25
Incorrect
-
Choose the correct answer: The interposed nuclei…
Your Answer: All of the above
Correct Answer: Are the emboliform and globose nuclei in the paravermis
Explanation:The interposed nuclei are a part of deep cerebellar complex and are composed of the globose nucleus and the emboliform nucleus. It receives afferent fibers from the anterior lobe of the cerebellum and sends output via the superior cerebellar peduncle to the red nucleus.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 26
Correct
-
Which of the following associations is false?
Your Answer: Mandibular nerve – foramen lacerum
Explanation:– The olfactory nerves pass through the cribriform plate
– The maxillary division of the trigeminal nerve passes through the foramen rotundum
– The facial nerve passes through the stylomastoid foramen
– The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve pass through the foramen ovale
– The glossopharyngeal nerve passes through the jugular foramen. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 27
Incorrect
-
Which of the following correctly describes stages in the formation of CSF?
Your Answer: Bicarbonate, chloride, and k+ ions at the apical membranes
Correct Answer: All of the above
Explanation:All the above are true for the formation of CSF
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 28
Incorrect
-
Activation of the cool receptor (CMR-1), causes:
Your Answer: Influx of Ca++
Correct Answer:
Explanation:Cold and Menthol receptor 1 (CMR1) is a protein that in humans is encoded by TRPM8 gene. It is an ion channel which upon activation causes the influx of Na+ and Ca++ ions into the cell that leads to the depolarization and generation of an action potential.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 29
Incorrect
-
Which ventral (motor) root is responsible for triceps?
Your Answer: C5
Correct Answer: C7
Explanation:Of the nerve fibers that make up the brachial plexus, C7 mainly forms the radial nerve to innervate the triceps muscle, thus innervating the shoulders, elbow, wrist and hand. C7 is responsible for the triceps reflex.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 30
Correct
-
Concerning the sleep-wake cycle, Melatonin is secreted by which structure in the brain following which environmental conditions?
Your Answer: Pineal gland, darkness
Explanation:Melatonin is secreted by the pineal gland located in the midline attached to the posterior roof of the third ventricle in the brain. Melatonin affects circadian rhythm in the body or the sleep wake cycle. The precursor to melatonin is serotonin and the rate limiting enzyme that converts serotonin to melatonin is low during the day time and reaches its peak during the night.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 31
Correct
-
Which receptor type is associated with uterine contracture in pregnancy?
Your Answer: Α1
Explanation:Alpha-1 adrenergic receptors cause uterine contraction during pregnancy. They are linked to Gq-proteins that activate smooth muscle contraction through the IP3 signal transduction pathway.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 32
Correct
-
Which cranial nerve is responsible for the parasympathetic nerve supply of the thorax and upper abdomen?
Your Answer: CN X
Explanation:Cranial nerve X supplies the structures of the thorax and abdomen. All the rest of the cranial nerves supply the structures in the head and neck
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 33
Incorrect
-
Neurogenesis occurs throughout life in the following two areas:
Your Answer: Hypothalamus and olfactory bulb
Correct Answer: Hippocampus and striatum
Explanation:In humans, neurogenesis or new neurons are continually born during adulthood in two regions of the brain: The subgranular zone (SGZ), part of the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus and the striatum. In other species of mammals, adult-born neurons also appear in the olfactory bulb. In humans, however, few if any olfactory bulb neurons are generated after birth.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 34
Correct
-
During which stage of sleep is muscle tone in the limbs most reduced?
Your Answer: REM
Explanation:Rapid eye movement (REM) stage is marked by extensive physiological changes in the body, such as accelerated respiration, increased brain activity and muscle relaxation. People dream during REM sleep, perhaps as a result of excited brain activity and the paralysis of major voluntary muscles.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 35
Correct
-
The cavernous sinus is?
Your Answer: Lateral to the body of the sphenoid
Explanation:It is a venous sinus which creates a cavity called the lateral sellar compartment bordered by the temporal bone and the sphenoid bone. There are 2 on either side. It is about 1cm wide and extends from the posterior aspect of the orbit to the petrous part of the temporal bone. They sit on either side or lateral to the sphenoid bone.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 36
Incorrect
-
The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named:
Your Answer: Gustducin
Correct Answer: mGluR4
Explanation:Umami taste or savoury taste is one of the five basic tastes described as meaty or brothy. The basic taste “umami” is mediated by glutamate acting on a metabotropic receptor named mGluR4 (metabotropic glutamate receptor 4). Additionally, umami taste is also mediated by the T1R1/T1R3 heterodimer, which is a combination of two G protein-coupled receptors. These receptors are responsible for detecting the presence of glutamate and other amino acids, contributing to the savory flavor characteristic of umami.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 37
Correct
-
Which of the following is a form of synaptic plasticity?
Your Answer: Working memory
Explanation:Synaptic plasticity is an important neurochemical foundation of working memory and generation of memory. Synaptic plasticity is the ability of synapses to strengthen or weaken over time in response to increases or decreases in their activity.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 38
Incorrect
-
What is the most abundant cell type in the central nervous system called?
Your Answer: Neuron
Correct Answer: Astrocyte
Explanation:Astrocytes are the supporting cells of the central nervous system. There are two types; the fibrous type is found in the white matter and the protoplasmic type in the grey matter. They are the most abundant cell type in the CNS.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 39
Incorrect
-
Regarding gustatory sensation:
Your Answer: Fungiform papillae are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue
Correct Answer: The sensory taste buds on the anterior two-thirds of the tongue travel to the chorda tympani branch of the facial nerve
Explanation:There are three morphologically distinct types of taste buds including; circumvallate, fungiform and foliate. Circumvallate are rounded structures arranged in a v on the back of the tongue. The posterior third travels to glossopharyngeal nerve.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
-
Question 40
Correct
-
Which neurotransmitter is found in the postganglionic parasympathetic synaptic cleft?
Your Answer: Acetylcholine
Explanation:Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter released from the postganglionic parasympathetic neuron into the synaptic cleft and also by some postganglionic sympathetic neurons as well.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Neuro-anatomy
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
