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  • Question 1 - Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is most likely to be seen in a patient with multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) type I?

      Your Answer: Pheochromocytoma

      Correct Answer: Insulinoma

      Explanation:

      Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN-1 syndrome) or Wermer’s syndrome is part of a group of disorders, the multiple endocrine neoplasias, that affect the endocrine system through development of neoplastic lesions in the ‘three P’s’:Parathyroid (>90%): hyperparathyroidism due to parathyroid hyperplasiaPituitary (15-42%)Pancreas (60-70%, e.g. insulinoma, gastrinoma)

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      15.7
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - In the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by: ...

    Correct

    • In the menstrual cycle, ovulation is triggered by:

      Your Answer: A pituitary LH surge due to the positive feedback effect of circulating oestrogens

      Explanation:

      FSH and LH are secreted to start the development of a follicle at the start of each menstrual cycle. A surge in oestrogen causes a positive feedback in the LH cells of the pituitary; this causes ovulation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      225.4
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Which of the following cells secrete glucagon? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following cells secrete glucagon?

      Your Answer: A cells

      Explanation:

      Glucagon counteracts hypoglycaemia and opposes insulin by promoting gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis. It also decreases fatty acid synthesis in the liver and adipose tissue, and promotes lipolysis. It is secreted by the pancreatic islet α-cells. Its production is regulated by the insulin produced in β-cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      5.6
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following derivatives of proopiomelanocortin is an opioid peptide?

      Your Answer: ß-endorphin

      Explanation:

      ß-endorphin is an endogenous opioid neuropeptide which is mainly synthesized and stored in the anterior pituitary gland, derived from the precursor proopiomelanocortin (POMC). Some studies have shown that immune system cells are also capable of synthesizing ß-endorphin. β-endorphin is thought to exert a tonic inhibitory influence upon GNRH secretion and to be an important regulator of reproductive function.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      32.6
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Which one of the following makes up most of the adrenal cortex? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following makes up most of the adrenal cortex?

      Your Answer: Zona glomerulosa

      Correct Answer: Zona fasciculata

      Explanation:

      The zona fasciculata represents the widest area of the adrenal cortex, situated in the middle of the cortex. It produces glucocorticoids including; 11-deoxycorticosterone, corticosterone, and cortisol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      21.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - The TSH receptor produces its effects in the thyrocyte via: ...

    Incorrect

    • The TSH receptor produces its effects in the thyrocyte via:

      Your Answer: A nuclear receptor that dimerizes with the retinoid x receptor

      Correct Answer: G-protein coupled activation of adenylyl cyclise and phospholipase c

      Explanation:

      The thyrotropin receptor, also known as TSH receptor, responds to the thyroid stimulating hormone or thyrotropin to stimulate production of T3 and T4. It is a G protein-coupled receptor which leads to stimulation of phospholipase C and adenylyl cyclase, mediated by Gq/11 and Gs.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      28.2
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?...

    Incorrect

    • Which hormone secreting cell of the human anterior pituitary gland secretes growth hormone?

      Your Answer: Lactotroph

      Correct Answer: Somatotroph

      Explanation:

      Somatotroph cells are responsible for the production of growth hormone. Somatotrophs occupy nearly 40% of the total surface area of the anterior pituitary, and they are acidophilic in nature.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      78.8
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Where is Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) secreted? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where is Müllerian inhibiting substance (MIS) secreted?

      Your Answer: Zona reticularis

      Correct Answer: Sertoli cells

      Explanation:

      Müllerian inhibiting substance, also known as Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) or Müllerian-inhibiting hormone (MIH) is a glycoprotein hormone which prevents the development of the Müllerian ducts into the uterus. Its production by Sertoli cells continues during childhood in males and decreases after puberty.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland. ...

    Correct

    • Which are the main hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

      Your Answer: Oxytocin and vasopressin

      Explanation:

      The posterior pituitary gland secretes oxytocin and vasopressin (antidiuretic hormone). These hormones are stored in Herring bodies before being secreted into the bloodstream.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      8.3
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Which of the following predominate in the adrenal medulla? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following predominate in the adrenal medulla?

      Your Answer: Norepinephrine secreting cells

      Correct Answer: Epinephrine secreting cells

      Explanation:

      Chromaffin cells, also known as pheochromocytes, are cells located in the adrenal medulla which specialize in the synthesis, storage, and secretion of catecholamines: 80% epinephrine and 20% norepinephrine is released into the bloodstream. For this reason, they are considered to be neuroendocrine cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      14.7
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - What is the primary cause of ketoacidosis in Type 1 diabetes? ...

    Incorrect

    • What is the primary cause of ketoacidosis in Type 1 diabetes?

      Your Answer: Glycogenolysis

      Correct Answer: Lipolysis

      Explanation:

      in type 1 diabetics the lack of insulin in the bloodstream prevents glucose absorption, thereby inhibiting the production of oxaloacetate (a crucial precursor to the β-oxidation of fatty acids) through reduced levels of pyruvate (a by-product of glycolysis), and can cause unchecked ketone body production (through fatty acid metabolism or lipolysis) potentially leading to dangerous glucose and ketone levels in the blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      69.2
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - What is the principle site of action of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)? ...

    Correct

    • What is the principle site of action of adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)?

      Your Answer: Adrenal gland

      Explanation:

      Adrenocorticotropic hormone, also known as ACTH or corticotropin, is a polypeptide tropic hormone. It is synthesized by the corticotropic cells of the anterior pituitary. It works by regulating the secretion of glucocorticoid hormones from the cortex cells in the adrenal gland. It binds to the melanocortin (MC) 2 receptors on the surface of the adrenal zona glomerulosa cells, producing cortisol.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - Which one of the following will increase an individual’s appetite? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following will increase an individual’s appetite?

      Your Answer: Leptin

      Correct Answer: Ghrelin

      Explanation:

      Ghrelin is a hormone which exerts a strong influence on hunger and energy balance. It helps regulate appetite by being secreted when the stomach is empty, to stimulate hunger. When the stomach is filled, its secretion stops.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      4.1
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter...

    Incorrect

    • Calcium is transported over the brush border in the gut, via which transporter / channel?

      Your Answer: TRPV 5

      Correct Answer: TRPV 6

      Explanation:

      Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 6 or TRPV 6 is a calcium channel located in the cell membrane which is present in a variety of organs, including small intestine, oesophagus, stomach, colon, placenta, kidney, and uterus. In the intestine, it is located in the apical brush-border membrane of the enterocyte, regulating the entry of calcium into the cell.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      29.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - In terms of relative steroid potency, how much prednisone is equivalent to 100mg...

    Correct

    • In terms of relative steroid potency, how much prednisone is equivalent to 100mg hydrocortisone?

      Your Answer: 25mg

      Explanation:

      Different corticosteroids have varying degrees of potency. 1 mg of prednisone is equivalent to 4 mg of hydrocortisone. Therefore, 25 mg of prednisone are equivalent to 100 mg of hydrocortisone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      13
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - What is the most important source of heat production in the body? ...

    Correct

    • What is the most important source of heat production in the body?

      Your Answer: Skeletal muscle contraction

      Explanation:

      Thermogenesis is the process by which organisms produce heat. Through skeletal muscle contraction, or shivering, ATP is converted into kinetic energy, some of which converts into heat. These muscle contractions produce about 70% of total body heat.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      105.9
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - In the absence of insulin: ...

    Correct

    • In the absence of insulin:

      Your Answer: Glucose uptake by most of the brain is normal

      Explanation:

      Although it is known that insulin levels affect glucose uptake, oxidation and storage in peripheral tissues, its role in the brain isn’t as clear. However, studies have shown that bulk brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin. Glucose transport into the neurons is GLUT3 dependent, and its transport into glia and brain endothelial cells rely on GLUT1. Insulin isn’t necessary for GLUT1 or GLUT3, which explains why brain glucose uptake isn’t affected by insulin levels.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      46.8
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which hormone is associated with the temperature surge in hot flushes? ...

    Correct

    • Which hormone is associated with the temperature surge in hot flushes?

      Your Answer: LH

      Explanation:

      Luteinizing hormone or LH is a hormone produced by the anterior pituitary gland. Studies have shown surges in LH levels during menopausal hot flushes, suggesting that a pulsatile release of LH is responsible for increased hypothalamic norepinephrine activity, causing the hot flushes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area? ...

    Correct

    • The reflex responses activated by cold are controlled by which area?

      Your Answer: Posterior hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The posterior nucleus of the hypothalamus is responsible for thermoregulation and thermogenesis. Studies have shown that the neurons in the posterior hypothalamus which mediate the reflex of shivering are sensitive to temperature; damage to this nucleus produces hypothermia.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      29.9
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage...

    Correct

    • During bone growth-the epiphysis are separated from the diaphysis by actively proliferating cartilage known as:

      Your Answer: Epiphysial plate

      Explanation:

      The epiphysial plate, physis, or growth plate, is a hyaline cartilage plate located near the ends of long bones; it consists of growing tissue. It is found in children and teenagers; in adults, it is replaced by an epiphysial line or epiphysial closure. The epiphysial plate is divided into zones: zone of reserve, proliferation, maturation and hypertrophy, calcification, and ossification.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      39.1
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - The onset of puberty is triggered by ...

    Incorrect

    • The onset of puberty is triggered by

      Your Answer: Increased conversion of testosterone to dht by 5α reductase type ii (males)

      Correct Answer: Increase in pulsatile GNRH secretion from hypothalamus

      Explanation:

      The onset of puberty is associated with high GNRH pulsing, which precedes the rise in sex hormones. Brain tumours which increase GNRH output may also lead to premature puberty. The cause of the GNRH rise is unknown.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      31.2
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of the following is correctly paired? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following is correctly paired?

      Your Answer: F cells : pancreatic polypeptide

      Explanation:

      Pancreatic polypeptide is secreted by F-cells, which represent the smallest proportion of islet cells in the pancreas. These cells establish the embryological origin of the pancreas. Pancreatic polypeptide regulates endocrine and exocrine activities by the pancreas.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - What is the effect of oxytocin on the breast? ...

    Correct

    • What is the effect of oxytocin on the breast?

      Your Answer: Milk ejection

      Explanation:

      Oxytocin is a peptide hormone and neuropeptide, produced by the hypothalamus and released by the posterior pituitary. It causes the milk ejection or let-down reflex, causing the milk to be transported to the subareolar sinuses, allowing it to be released through the nipple. This response is initiated by the act of suckling by the baby, but it can be conditioned to be triggered by different stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      28.2
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - Periodic fevers occur in humans with mutations in the gene for pyrin. Pyrin...

    Incorrect

    • Periodic fevers occur in humans with mutations in the gene for pyrin. Pyrin is a protein found in which one of the following cells?

      Your Answer: T lymphocytes

      Correct Answer: Neutrophils

      Explanation:

      Pyrin, also known as marenostrin or TRIM20, is a protein encoded by the Mediterranean fever (MEFV) gene, causing the autoinflammatory disease familial Mediterranean fever (FMF). Pyrin produces an increased sensitivity to intracellular signals. It is produced mainly in neutrophils, which display an increased ratio of cells entering apoptosis when exposed to pyrin.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      76.9
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - Where do the portal hypophysial vessels arise? ...

    Incorrect

    • Where do the portal hypophysial vessels arise?

      Your Answer: Pituitary fossa

      Correct Answer: Median eminence

      Explanation:

      The hypothalamic-hypophysial portal system connects the brain to the anterior pituitary. It is made up of two capillary beds, one in the median eminence and the other in the anterior pituitary. Blood from the plexus of the median eminence is carried by portal veins, draining into the cavernous and posterior intercavernous sinuses. This system delivers hypothalamic hormones to their target cells.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      15.2
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which cells secrete insulin? ...

    Correct

    • Which cells secrete insulin?

      Your Answer: B cells of the pancreatic islets

      Explanation:

      Insulin is synthesised and stored by the B cells of the pancreatic islets (70% of islet cells), glucagon is synthesised and stored in the A cells (20%) and somatostatin is synthesised and stored in the D cells (10%).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      6.1
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following factors is most likely to lead to an increase in serum cortisol levels?

      Your Answer: Administration of oral dexamethasone

      Correct Answer: Severe emotional stress

      Explanation:

      Cortisol is widely known as the stress hormone. Alterations in cortisol levels have been found in relation to mood disorders, illness, trauma, pain, fear, exertion, and anxiety, amongst other stimuli.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      22.2
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - The actions of dihydrotestosterone in male reproductive physiology include: ...

    Incorrect

    • The actions of dihydrotestosterone in male reproductive physiology include:

      Your Answer: Development of male sex drive via action on the brain

      Correct Answer: Development of external genitalia in utero and at puberty

      Explanation:

      Dihydrotestosterone mediates the differentiation of the urogenital sinus and genital tubercles, leading to the fusion of the urethral and labial folds; thus, it leads to the development of external genitalia in the male.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      19.2
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - Where is leptin synthesized and secreted? ...

    Correct

    • Where is leptin synthesized and secreted?

      Your Answer: White adipose tissue

      Explanation:

      Leptin is a hormone that helps regulate food intake and energy expenditure. It is synthetized by white adipose tissue and the gastric mucosa. It works by inhibiting the sensation of hunger, therefore, it opposes the actions of ghrelin, also known as the hunger hormone.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      10.5
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - Compact/cortical bone makes up ...

    Correct

    • Compact/cortical bone makes up

      Your Answer: The outer layer of most bones and accounts for 80% of bone in the body

      Explanation:

      Cortical, lamellar, or compact bone, is more dense than spongy bone and it forms the rigid, outer layer of bones, also called cortex. It consists of packed osteons, with a central osteonic canal surrounded by concentric rings. Spaces called lacunae are filled with osteocytes, and channels called canaliculi go from the lacunae to the osteonic canal. The strength of cortical bone allows it to support the body and protect organs. It also stores different elements, such as calcium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Endocrinology
      • Medicine
      9.5
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Endocrinology (16/30) 53%
Medicine (16/30) 53%
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