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  • Question 1 - In the jugular venous pressure wave… ...

    Incorrect

    • In the jugular venous pressure wave…

      Your Answer: Consists of 3 troughs and 3 peaks

      Correct Answer: Consists of 3 peaks and 2 troughs

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections (peaks) and two downward deflections (troughs) have been described:The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      44.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding pulsus alternans?

      Your Answer: It is found in patients with a small pericardial effusion

      Correct Answer: It is found in association with a third heart sound

      Explanation:

      Pulsus alternans is a physical finding with arterial pulse waveform showing alternating strong and weak beats. It is almost always indicative of left ventricular systolic impairment, and carries a poor prognosis. A pathological third heart sound is usually associated.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      297.1
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - Regarding cardiac contractility, catecholamines exert their inotropic effect via: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding cardiac contractility, catecholamines exert their inotropic effect via:

      Your Answer: Β1-adrenergic receptors and gs

      Explanation:

      Catecholamines exert their inotropic effect on the heart via the B1 adrenergic receptors and Gs, stimulating adenyl cyclase and increasing the production of cAMP.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      40
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Most of the venous blood returns to the heart through the: ...

    Incorrect

    • Most of the venous blood returns to the heart through the:

      Your Answer: Left atrium

      Correct Answer: Coronary sinus and anterior cardiac veins

      Explanation:

      Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins which drain into the right atrium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      32.5
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Regarding cardiac output, an increased ejection fraction results from increases in which of...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding cardiac output, an increased ejection fraction results from increases in which of the following?

      Your Answer: Strength of contraction with increase in muscle fiber length

      Correct Answer: Strength of contraction without increase in muscle fiber length

      Explanation:

      When the strength of contraction increases without an increase in fiber length, the EF increases.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      34.8
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node? ...

    Correct

    • Which vagus nerve mainly supplies the AV node?

      Your Answer: Left vagus

      Explanation:

      As the AV node develops from the left side of the embryo It is supplied by the left vagus nerve.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      17.4
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - The hyperpolarization phase of pacemaker cells is dominated by ____ current. ...

    Correct

    • The hyperpolarization phase of pacemaker cells is dominated by ____ current.

      Your Answer: K+

      Explanation:

      The hyperpolarization phase is a continuation of the repolarization phase but the membrane potential dips below the resting membrane potential. This results due to the fact that the K+ channels take a longer time to close than the Na+ channels. Hence efflux of the K+ will result in hyperpolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      4.7
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Myocardial contractility is improved by: ...

    Correct

    • Myocardial contractility is improved by:

      Your Answer: Caffeine

      Explanation:

      Caffeine and other theophyllines breakdown cAMP and have a positive ionotropic effect on the heart. Drugs like quinidine, procainamide and conditions like hypoxia and hypercapnia decreases the contractility of the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.9
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - The following contributes to the rate of depolarization? ...

    Correct

    • The following contributes to the rate of depolarization?

      Your Answer: All of the options given

      Explanation:

      Depolarization occurs due to impulses generated by the SA node. As the heart beats to the rhythm of the SA node, certain factors will effect the rate of depolarization. All the mentioned options effect the rate of depolarization.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - The heart rate can be accelerated by: ...

    Correct

    • The heart rate can be accelerated by:

      Your Answer: Exercise and thyroid hormones

      Explanation:

      The firing of the SA node will increase due to exercises and as the thyroid hormone has a chronotropic effect on the heart, it too will result in an increase in the heart rate via stimulation of the adrenergic receptors of the heart. As during exercise the sympathetic nervous system is activated, it will directly have an positive chronotropic effect on the heart.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      55.8
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - Blood flow to the subendocardial portions of the left ventricular muscle occurs mainly...

    Correct

    • Blood flow to the subendocardial portions of the left ventricular muscle occurs mainly during:

      Your Answer: Diastole

      Explanation:

      The sub endocardium receives the least amount of blood from the coronary arteries. During systole the coronary arteries collapse as a result of the pressure from contraction that is exerted on them. During diastole the heart muscle relaxes and the pressure on the coronary vessels is relieved allowing blood to flow through them to the sub endocardium.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      34.3
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Which one of the following is a cause of a soft second heart...

    Incorrect

    • Which one of the following is a cause of a soft second heart sound?

      Your Answer: Mitral stenosis

      Correct Answer: Aortic stenosis

      Explanation:

      Second heart sound (S2) forms the dub of lub-dub and is composed of components A2 and P2. •    loud: hypertension•    soft: AS•    fixed split: physiological split (normally occurs during inhalation), right bundle branch block, pulmonary stenosis, and atrial septal defect.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      29.3
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - The ‘c’ wave in JVP corresponds more closely with: ...

    Incorrect

    • The ‘c’ wave in JVP corresponds more closely with:

      Your Answer: Non-isovolumetric contraction

      Correct Answer: Isovolumetric contraction

      Explanation:

      The jugular venous pressure (JVP, sometimes referred to as jugular venous pulse) is the indirectly observed pressure over the venous system via visualization of the internal jugular vein. It can be useful in the differentiation of different forms of heart and lung disease. Classically three upward deflections (peaks) and two downward deflections (troughs) have been described:The upward deflections are the a (atrial contraction), c (ventricular contraction and resulting bulging of tricuspid into the right atrium during isovolumetric systole) and v = venous filling.The downward deflections of the wave are the x (the atrium relaxes and the tricuspid valve moves downward) and the y descent (filling of ventricle after tricuspid opening).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      68.7
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - During exercise, a man consumes 2L O2/min, his arterial 02 content is 190...

    Incorrect

    • During exercise, a man consumes 2L O2/min, his arterial 02 content is 190 ml/l and the 02 content of his mixed venous blood is 130ml/l. His cardiac output is approximately:

      Your Answer: 3,3 l/min

      Correct Answer: 33l/min

      Explanation:

      In Fick’s original method, the following variables are measured:VO2, oxygen consumption in ml of pure gaseous oxygen per minute. This may be measured using a spirometer within a closed rebreathing circuit incorporating a CO2 absorberCa, the oxygen concentration of blood taken from the pulmonary vein (representing oxygenated blood)Cv, the oxygen concentration of blood from an intravenous cannula (representing deoxygenated blood)From these values, we know that:VO2 = (CO x Ca) – (CO x Cv)where CO = Cardiac Output, Ca = Oxygen concentration of arterial blood and Cv = Oxygen concentration of mixed venous blood.This allows us to sayCO = VO2/{Ca – Cv}and hence calculate cardiac output.Therefore CO = 2/(0.190-0.130) = 33l/minNote that (Ca – Cv) is also known as the arteriovenous oxygen difference.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      230.9
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - According to Starling's law of the heart: ...

    Correct

    • According to Starling's law of the heart:

      Your Answer: The extent of the preload is proportional to the end-diastolic volume

      Explanation:

      Frank starlings law describes that an increase in the venous return or the end diastolic volume will cause an increase in the stroke volume/ preload and also cardiac output. It stems from the fact that increased venous return will increase the stretch on the ventricular muscle fibers. The sarcomere will stretch a considerable length that is needed for maximum contraction and the development of tension in the muscle fiber. The greater the venous return the greater the cardiac output. This relationship is directly proportional.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      9.6
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Regarding the myofilament molecules, which of the following contains binding sites for calcium...

    Correct

    • Regarding the myofilament molecules, which of the following contains binding sites for calcium that helps to initiate contraction?

      Your Answer: Troponin c

      Explanation:

      Troponin T binds the troponin components to tropomyosin. Troponin I inhibits the interaction of myosin with actin and troponin C contains the binding sites for the Ca2+ that helps initiate contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      55.2
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Xanthines (for example Caffeine), exhibit their positive inotropic effect by:

      Your Answer: Stimulation of b1-adrenergic receptors

      Correct Answer: Inhibiting the breakdown cAMP

      Explanation:

      Xanthines exert their positive inotropic effect by inhibiting the breakdown of the cAMP resulting in stronger and sustained contraction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      75
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Concerning surface anatomy, where is the base of the heart ...

    Correct

    • Concerning surface anatomy, where is the base of the heart

      Your Answer: 2nd left costal to 3rd right costal cartilage

      Explanation:

      The base of the heart, also known as the superior border of the heart corresponds to a line connecting the inferior border of the 2nd left costal cartilage to the superior border of the 3rd right costal cartilage.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      5
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - A sarcomere is the area between: ...

    Correct

    • A sarcomere is the area between:

      Your Answer: Two adjacent z lines

      Explanation:

      The area that lies between the two adjacent Z lines is known as a sarcomere and is the contractile unit of the muscle. The line passing in the middle of the myosin filaments is the M line. It also passes through the middle of the sarcomere.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      3.7
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - If both the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems are blocked in the heart,...

    Incorrect

    • If both the noradrenergic and the cholinergic systems are blocked in the heart, the rate will be approximately:

      Your Answer: 50/ min

      Correct Answer: 100/min

      Explanation:

      The normal heart beat is about 70/min. This is due to a predominant parasympathetic activity. If sympathetic activity was unopposed the heart rate would have been 150/min. When both the noradrenergic and cholinergic systems are blocked the heart rate is 100/min. This is the normal firing rate of the SA node.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      438.5
      Seconds

  • Question 21 - Generalized vasoconstrictors include: ...

    Correct

    • Generalized vasoconstrictors include:

      Your Answer: Norepinephrine, endothelin, angiotensin ii

      Explanation:

      Vasopressin, angiotensin II, adrenaline and endothelin are generalized vasoconstrictors.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      25.7
      Seconds

  • Question 22 - Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following conditions has no effect on cardiac output?

      Your Answer: Posture/body position

      Correct Answer: Sleep

      Explanation:

      Sleep has no effect on the cardiac output. Anxiety, excitement and pregnancy will increase the cardiac output. Standing from a lying position will decrease the cardiac output transiently.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      12.5
      Seconds

  • Question 23 - Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of: ...

    Correct

    • Depolarization spreads rapidly through cardiac muscle fibers because of the presence of:

      Your Answer: Gap junctions

      Explanation:

      The cardiac muscles have gap junctions in between the cells. They allow for the formation of low resistance passages, which allow ions to diffuse through every muscle fiber rapidly and result in the cardiac muscles functioning as a syncytium, without any protoplasmic bridges involved.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      6.1
      Seconds

  • Question 24 - The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production...

    Correct

    • The Wiebel-Palade body found in the endothelial cells is responsible for the production and release of which factor?

      Your Answer: Von Willebrand factor

      Explanation:

      Weibel-Palade bodies are the storage granules of endothelial cells, the cells that form the inner lining of the blood vessels and heart. They store and release two principal molecules, von Willebrand factor and P-selectin, and thus play a dual role in haemostasis and inflammation.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      216
      Seconds

  • Question 25 - The following is true in relation to coronary venous drainage? ...

    Correct

    • The following is true in relation to coronary venous drainage?

      Your Answer: Most venous return ultimately drains into right atrium via the coronary sinus

      Explanation:

      Most of the venous blood returns to the heart via the coronary sinus and the anterior cardiac veins. Apart from these there are other vessels that drain directly into the heart chambers

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      13.6
      Seconds

  • Question 26 - Which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following does not contribute to increased stroke volume during exercise?

      Your Answer: Increased end-diastolic volume

      Correct Answer: Increased length of filling time during diastole

      Explanation:

      Prolonged aerobic exercise training may also increase stroke volume, which frequently results in a lower (resting) heart rate. Reduced heart rate prolongs ventricular diastole (filling), increasing end-diastolic volume, and ultimately allowing more blood to be ejected.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.5
      Seconds

  • Question 27 - Coronary vasoconstriction can be caused by: ...

    Incorrect

    • Coronary vasoconstriction can be caused by:

      Your Answer: Hypoxia

      Correct Answer: Beta blockage

      Explanation:

      Coronary arteries contain alpha and beta receptors. The alpha receptor stimulates vasoconstriction and beta receptors stimulate vasodilation. When the chronotropic and inotropic effects of noradrenergic receptors are blocked by a B blocking drug, stimulation of the noradrenergic nerves will cause coronary vasoconstriction.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      20.9
      Seconds

  • Question 28 - Heart rate can be slowed by: ...

    Correct

    • Heart rate can be slowed by:

      Your Answer: Grief

      Explanation:

      Grief stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, resulting in a decrease in the heart rate.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      14.4
      Seconds

  • Question 29 - What is the most common cardiac defect seen in patients with Down’s syndrome?...

    Correct

    • What is the most common cardiac defect seen in patients with Down’s syndrome?

      Your Answer: Atrioventricular septal defect

      Explanation:

      The rate of congenital heart disease in new-borns with Down syndrome is around 40%. Of those with heart disease, about 80% have an atrioventricular septal defect or ventricular septal defect with the former being more common. Mitral valve problems become common as people age, even in those without heart problems at birth.[3] Other problems that may occur include tetralogy of Fallot and patent ductus arteriosus.[38] People with Down syndrome have a lower risk of hardening of the arteries

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      16.8
      Seconds

  • Question 30 - The average end diastolic volume in a healthy individual’s ventricle is? ...

    Correct

    • The average end diastolic volume in a healthy individual’s ventricle is?

      Your Answer: 130 ml

      Explanation:

      The end diastolic volume in a healthy individual is about 130 ml.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Cardiovascular
      • Medicine
      63.3
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Cardiovascular (18/30) 60%
Medicine (18/30) 60%
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