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  • Question 1 - What is the primary route of transmission of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae? ...

    Correct

    • What is the primary route of transmission of Neisseria Gonorrhoeae?

      Your Answer: Sexually transmitted

      Explanation:

      Neisseria gonorrhoeae is primarily spread by sexual contact or through transmission during childbirth. It causes gonorrhoea which is a purulent infection of the mucous membrane surfaces.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      7.3
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - A patient presents with a fever, headache and neck stiffness. A CSF sample...

    Correct

    • A patient presents with a fever, headache and neck stiffness. A CSF sample of someone with meningococcal meningitis typically shows:

      Your Answer: All of the above

      Explanation:

      CSF analysis typically shows:
      cloudy turbid appearance
      raised WCC – predominantly neutrophils
      high protein
      low glucose (typically < 40% of serum glucose)
      Gram-negative diplococci seen under microscopy

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      11.8
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The percentage of patients with hepatitis B that develop chronic infection is about:...

    Correct

    • The percentage of patients with hepatitis B that develop chronic infection is about:

      Your Answer: 10%

      Explanation:

      With hepatitis B, about 90% of people will develop lifelong immunity after clearing the infection. Chronic hepatitis develops in about 10% of patients and this may be complicated by cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma. There is a very high risk of chronic infection and hepatocellular carcinoma when there is congenital infection. The risk of this in healthy adults is only about 5%.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily implicated in which of the following conditions: ...

    Correct

    • Cryptococcus neoformans is primarily implicated in which of the following conditions:

      Your Answer: Chronic lymphocytic meningitis

      Explanation:

      Cryptococcus neoformans typically causes a chronic lymphocytic meningitis in immunosuppressed patients or those with intense exposure e.g. pigeon fanciers.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      31.3
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - A 26 year old male presents to emergency room with a 2 day...

    Correct

    • A 26 year old male presents to emergency room with a 2 day history of burning pain when passing urine, accompanied by a green urethral discharge. Gonorrhoea is suspected. The first line antibiotic for this condition is which of the following?

      Your Answer: Ceftriaxone

      Explanation:

      When there is a high suspicion of gonorrhoea from clinical features, empiric treatment should be commenced whilst waiting for laboratory confirmation.
      The first line treatment for uncomplicated anogenital and pharyngeal disease includes ceftriaxone 500 mg IM (single dose) + azithromycin 1 g orally as a single dose. This covers concomitant chlamydia infection. For all people who have been treated for gonorrhoea, a test of cure is recommended

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      12.9
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Regarding Campylobacter gastroenteritis, which of the following statements is INCORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Campylobacter gastroenteritis, which of the following statements is INCORRECT:

      Your Answer: Bloody diarrhoea is a typical feature.

      Correct Answer: Infection usually requires antibiotic treatment.

      Explanation:

      Campylobacter jejuni is the primary human pathogen, typically causing dysentery (bloody diarrhoea illness) following ingestion of contaminated meat, especially poultry. Infection is typically self-limiting and does not require antibiotic therapy. Campylobacter gastroenteritis is associated with the immune-mediated complications of Guillain-Barre syndrome, reactive arthritis and Reiter’s syndrome.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      32.1
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - In adults in the United Kingdom, which of the following pathogens is the...

    Correct

    • In adults in the United Kingdom, which of the following pathogens is the most likely cause of viral infectious gastroenteritis:

      Your Answer: Norovirus

      Explanation:

      Norovirus is the most common viral cause of epidemic gastroenteritis worldwide; it is also a common cause of endemic diarrhoea in community settings. In the United Kingdom, norovirus has become the most common cause of gastroenteritis in adults and children since the introduction of rotavirus vaccination.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      7.9
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - A 6 year old boy is brought into the ED by his mom...

    Incorrect

    • A 6 year old boy is brought into the ED by his mom with a rash that is associated with Koplik's spots and a diagnosis of measles is made. What advice should be given about returning to school?

      Your Answer: 7 days after the rash has gone

      Correct Answer: 4 days from the onset of the rash

      Explanation:

      Prevention of spread of measles is extremely important and infected patients should be isolated. The infectious stage is from 3 days before the rash emerges and patients are advised to stay away from school/nursery/work for 4 days from onset of the rash.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      20.3
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - Regarding the varicella zoster virus, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Correct

    • Regarding the varicella zoster virus, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Contracting chickenpox infection while pregnant is associated with a higher risk of developing varicella pneumonitis.

      Explanation:

      Chickenpox infection in neonates, adults/adolescents and pregnant women is associated with more severe disease. Varicella zoster pneumonitis typically occurs in pregnant women or immunocompromised individuals and is associated with a high mortality. A live attenuated-virus vaccine is available and recommended for non-immune healthcare workers but is not part of the routine childhood immunisation schedule. Antiviral treatment is not typically recommended in childhood chickenpox but is indicated for shingles.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      66.7
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - Diagnosis of HIV is predominantly made through which of the following: ...

    Incorrect

    • Diagnosis of HIV is predominantly made through which of the following:

      Your Answer: Viral PCR

      Correct Answer: Antibody detection

      Explanation:

      Diagnosis of HIV is predominantly made through detection of HIV antibody and p24 antigen. Viral load (viral PCR) and CD4 count are used to monitor progression of disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      23.9
      Seconds

  • Question 11 - A patient with profuse watery diarrhoea was found to have C. difficile cytotoxin....

    Correct

    • A patient with profuse watery diarrhoea was found to have C. difficile cytotoxin. Which of the following complications is NOT a typical complication of pseudomembranous colitis:

      Your Answer: Volvulus

      Explanation:

      Dehydration, electrolyte imbalance, acute kidney injury secondary to diarrhoea, toxic megacolon, bowel perforation, and sepsis secondary to intestinal infection are all possible complications of pseudomembranous colitis.

      When the intestine twists around itself and the mesentery that supports it, an obstruction is created. This condition is known as a volvulus. Volvulus is caused by malrotation and other anatomical factors, as well as postoperative abdominal adhesions, and not by Clostridium difficile infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      21.2
      Seconds

  • Question 12 - Infection with Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common risk factors for...

    Correct

    • Infection with Campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common risk factors for which of the following conditions?

      Your Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome

      Explanation:

      One of the most common risk factors for GBS is infection with Campylobacter jejuni, which causes diarrhoea.

      Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a rare autoimmune disorder in which the body’s immune system attacks the nerves, resulting in muscle weakness and paralysis.

      Infection with Streptococcus pyogenes can cause acute glomerulonephritis and rheumatic fever.

      Haemolytic uraemic syndrome is commonly linked to E. coli infection.

      Following measles infection, subacute sclerosing panencephalitis develops.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      31.9
      Seconds

  • Question 13 - An elderly man with chronic heart and lung disease develops Legionnaires' Disease. By...

    Correct

    • An elderly man with chronic heart and lung disease develops Legionnaires' Disease. By what route was the infection most likely to have been acquired:

      Your Answer: Inhalation of aerosolised contaminated water

      Explanation:

      Legionella pneumophilais a Gram negative bacterium that is found in natural water supplies and in the soil, transmitted predominantly via inhalation of aerosols generated from contaminated water (direct person-to-person spread of infected patients does not occur). It is the cause of Legionnaires’ disease. Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease have been linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems, whirlpool spas and hot tubs.

      The clinical features of the pneumonic form of Legionnaires’ disease include:
      Mild flu-like prodrome for 1-3 days
      Cough (usually non-productive and occurs in approximately 90%)
      Pleuritic chest pain
      Haemoptysis
      Headache
      Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
      Anorexia
      Legionella pneumophilainfections can be successfully treated with macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, or quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, can also be used.
      The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can occur with Legionnaires’ disease and will result in hyponatraemia as is seen in this case.
      Legionella pneumophilainfections are resistant to amoxicillin but can be successfully treated with macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, or quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, can also be used. The majority of cases of Legionnaires’ disease are caused by Legionella pneumophila, however many other species of Legionella have been identified.
      Legionella longbeachae is another less commonly encountered species that has also been implicated in outbreaks. It is predominantly found in soil and potting compost, and has caused outbreaks of Pontiac fever, the non-respiratory and less severe variant of Legionnaires’ disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      9.9
      Seconds

  • Question 14 - Which of the following could denote a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)...

    Correct

    • Which of the following could denote a diagnosis of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in a patient infected with HIV:

      Your Answer: CD4 count < 200 cells/uL

      Explanation:

      A diagnosis of AIDS can be made in a patient infected with HIV if the patient has a CD4 count < 200 cells/uL, or an AIDS-defining illness. Antiretroviral treatment should be considered in patients with CD4 counts < 350 cells/uL.

      Oral candidiasis is not an AIDS defining illness – candidiasis of the bronchi, trachea, lungs or of the oesophagus is an AIDS defining illness.

      A positive p24 antigen test seen in early HIV infection and does not indicate the development of AIDS.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 15 - Regarding tapeworm, which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding tapeworm, which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: Mebendazole is the first line treatment for tapeworm infection.

      Correct Answer: Diagnosis is by direct visualisation of characteristic eggs in the stool.

      Explanation:

      Diagnosis of tapeworm is by direct visualisation of characteristic eggs in stool. Humans may be infected by pork or beef tapeworm. Treatment is with praziquantel or niclosamide. Specialist advice should be sought for the management of neurocysticercosis.Iron-deficiency anaemia is typically seen in hookworm infection. Threadworms migrate from the intestine at night to lay eggs on the perianal skin. Mebendazole is first line treatment for threadworms.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      32.8
      Seconds

  • Question 16 - Clostridium tetani causes which of the following infectious diseases: ...

    Correct

    • Clostridium tetani causes which of the following infectious diseases:

      Your Answer: Tetanus

      Explanation:

      Clostridium tetani causes tetanus.
      Scarlet fever is caused by Streptococcus pyogenes.
      Toxic shock syndrome is caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes.
      Gas gangrene is primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens.
      Pseudomembranous colitis is commonly caused by Clostridium difficile.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      5.3
      Seconds

  • Question 17 - Regarding Legionella species which of the following statements is CORRECT: ...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding Legionella species which of the following statements is CORRECT:

      Your Answer: They are facultative anaerobes.

      Correct Answer: They are Gram-negative organisms.

      Explanation:

      Legionella pneumophilais a Gram negative bacterium that is found in natural water supplies and in the soil, transmitted predominantly via inhalation of aerosols generated from contaminated water (direct person-to-person spread of infected patients does not occur). It is the cause of Legionnaires’ disease. Outbreaks of Legionnaires’ disease have been linked to poorly maintained air conditioning systems, whirlpool spas and hot tubs.

      The clinical features of the pneumonic form of Legionnaires’ disease include:
      Mild flu-like prodrome for 1-3 days
      Cough (usually non-productive and occurs in approximately 90%)
      Pleuritic chest pain
      Haemoptysis
      Headache
      Nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea
      Anorexia
      Legionella pneumophilainfections can be successfully treated with macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, or quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, can also be used.
      The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone secretion (SIADH) can occur with Legionnaires’ disease and will result in hyponatraemia as is seen in this case.
      Legionella pneumophilainfections are resistant to amoxicillin but can be successfully treated with macrolide antibiotics, such as erythromycin, or quinolones, such as ciprofloxacin. Tetracyclines, such as doxycycline, can also be used. The majority of cases of Legionnaires’ disease are caused by Legionella pneumophila, however many other species of Legionella have been identified.
      Legionella longbeachae is another less commonly encountered species that has also been implicated in outbreaks. It is predominantly found in soil and potting compost, and has caused outbreaks of Pontiac fever, the non-respiratory and less severe variant of Legionnaires’ disease.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      13.5
      Seconds

  • Question 18 - Which of the following is diagnostic for acute hepatitis B infection: ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is diagnostic for acute hepatitis B infection:

      Your Answer: HBsAg

      Correct Answer: anti-HBc IgM

      Explanation:

      Anti-HBc IgM antibodies are diagnostic for acute hepatitis B infection. Anti-HBc IgG antibodies indicate previous exposure, either chronic state or cleared infection. HBsAg is also positive in acute infection but is not diagnostic as this remains positive in chronic infection.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      6.8
      Seconds

  • Question 19 - Which of the following statements is correct with regards to Klebsiella spp? ...

    Correct

    • Which of the following statements is correct with regards to Klebsiella spp?

      Your Answer: They are typically associated with nosocomial infection.

      Explanation:

      Klebsiella is a type of bacteria commonly found in nature. In humans, the bacteria are often present in parts of the digestive tract and respiratory flora, where they do not generally cause problems. They are anaerobic Gram-negative rods. They are usually opportunistic pathogens which cause nosocomial infections, the most common ones being pneumonia and UTI.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      10.8
      Seconds

  • Question 20 - Clostridium difficile primarily causes which of the following infectious diseases: ...

    Correct

    • Clostridium difficile primarily causes which of the following infectious diseases:

      Your Answer: Pseudomembranous colitis

      Explanation:

      Clostridium difficile causes pseudomembranous colitis, an acute inflammatory diarrhoeal disease and an important cause of morbidity and mortality in hospitals. Gas gangrene is primarily caused by Clostridium perfringens. Tetanus is caused by Clostridium tetani. Toxic shock syndrome may be caused by Staphylococcus aureus or Streptococcus pyogenes. Necrotising fasciitis is most commonly caused by Streptococcus pyogenes but has a multitude of causes.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Microbiology
      • Pathogens
      15.9
      Seconds

SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY

Microbiology (14/20) 70%
Pathogens (14/20) 70%
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