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  • Question 1 - Anaesthetic gas concentrations can be measured using a refractometer. The main principal which...

    Correct

    • Anaesthetic gas concentrations can be measured using a refractometer. The main principal which allows it to be used for this purpose is which of the following?

      Your Answer: Refraction

      Explanation:

      Refractometers measure the degree to which the light changes direction, called the angle of refraction. A refractometer takes the refraction angles and correlates them to refractive index (nD) values that have been established. Using these values, you can determine the concentrations of solutions.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      9.8
      Seconds

  • Question 2 - What makes the ultrasound nebulizer efficient? ...

    Incorrect

    • What makes the ultrasound nebulizer efficient?

      Your Answer: Humidification of inspired gas by up to 100%

      Correct Answer: Reduction in gas flow resistance

      Explanation:

      Smallest drops reach not only the upper but also the lower respiratory tracks. As a result, the ultrasonic nebulizer is most efficient for the therapy of pulmonary diseases and stands out as a robust and reliable support within the clinical setting.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      18.7
      Seconds

  • Question 3 - The child-Pugh scoring system can be used, if risk classifying a patient with...

    Correct

    • The child-Pugh scoring system can be used, if risk classifying a patient with chronic liver disorder earlier to anaesthesia.

      Which one is the best combination of clinical signs and examinations used within the Child-Pugh scoring system?

      Your Answer: Ascites, grade of encephalopathy, albumin, bilirubin and INR

      Explanation:

      In the Child-Pugh classification system, the following 5 components are determined or calculated in order:

      Ascites

      Grade of encephalopathy

      Serum bilirubin (?mol/L)

      Serum Albumin (g/L)

      Prothrombin time or INR

      Raised liver enzymes are not the component of the classification system.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      19.8
      Seconds

  • Question 4 - Which of the following closely estimates the interstitial oncotic pressure acting on a...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following closely estimates the interstitial oncotic pressure acting on a pulmonary capillary?

      Your Answer: 25 mmHg

      Correct Answer: 17 mmHg

      Explanation:

      The starling forces operate to maintain a homeostatic flow across the pulmonary capillary bed.

      The outward driving force comprises of the capillary hydrostatic pressure (13 mmHg), negative interstitial fluid pressure (zero to slightly negative), and interstitial colloid osmotic pressure (17 mmHg). The inward driving force is controlled by the plasma colloid osmotic pressure (25 mmHg).

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      12.7
      Seconds

  • Question 5 - Fixed performance devices like high air flow oxygen enrichment (HAFOE) masks have large...

    Correct

    • Fixed performance devices like high air flow oxygen enrichment (HAFOE) masks have large volumes of air entrained into a flow of 100% oxygen.

      The term that best describes the physics behind air entrainment is?

      Your Answer: Bernoulli's principle

      Explanation:

      Bernoulli’s principle states that as the speed of a moving fluid increases, there is a simultaneously decrease in static pressure or a decrease in the fluid’s potential energy.
      This is seen in the simultaneous increase in speed and kinetic energy and fall in pressure that causes entrainment of large volumes of air into a flow of 100% oxygen in the nozzle of HAFOE masks.

      The reduction in fluid pressure that happens when a fluid flows through a constriction in a tube is the Venturi effect.

      When a flow of gas or liquid attaches itself to a nearby surface and remains attached even when the surface curves away from the initial direction of flow, this is the Coanda effect.

      The branch of engineering and technology that is concerned with the building of devices that use the flow and pressure of a fluid for functions usually performed by electronic devices is Fluidics . Fluidic logic is used to power some ventilators.

      The branch of engineering that utilises pressurised gases is Pneumatics.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      19.6
      Seconds

  • Question 6 - Which of the following statements is true regarding oxygen? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following statements is true regarding oxygen?

      Your Answer: Percentage in the air is reduced at high altitude

      Correct Answer: Forms molecules containing either two or three atoms

      Explanation:

      Oxygen is formed by a molecule of oxygen and two molecules of hydrogen with a molecular formula of H2O

      The critical temperature is defined as a temperature above which the substance cannot be liquefied, no matter how much pressure is applied.
      Water has a critical temperature of -118.6oC. So, it cannot be liquified at room temperature.

      Medical oxygen cylinder is stored in a cylinder with a white shoulder and black body. Meanwhile, medial air is stored in cylinders with a white and black shoulder and a French grey body.

      The partial pressure of air at a high altitude is less but the relative concentration remains constant.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      30.9
      Seconds

  • Question 7 - Which of the following is the smallest value of pressure? ...

    Incorrect

    • Which of the following is the smallest value of pressure?

      Your Answer: 2,066.46 cmH2O

      Correct Answer: 14.69 psi

      Explanation:

      The SI unit of pressure is the pascal (Pa) and it is equal to one newton (N) per square meter (m2) or N/m2.

      1 atmosphere (atm) is the equivalent of:

      101325 Pa760 mmHg
      1.01325 bar
      1033.23 cmH2O.
      14.69 pounds per square inch (psi)
      1013.25 millibar (mbar) or hectopascals (hPa), and

      14.69 psi is equal to one atmosphere. The other values are equal to two atmospheres of pressure.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      13.1
      Seconds

  • Question 8 - Regarding metal wires, which of the following is the most important determinant of...

    Incorrect

    • Regarding metal wires, which of the following is the most important determinant of their resistance?

      Your Answer: Cross sectional area

      Correct Answer: Resistivity

      Explanation:

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      37
      Seconds

  • Question 9 - With regards to arterial oxygen content, which of the following contributes most from...

    Incorrect

    • With regards to arterial oxygen content, which of the following contributes most from a quantitative perspective?

      Your Answer: Henry's law

      Correct Answer: Haemoglobin concentration

      Explanation:

      The amount of oxygen carried by 100 ml of blood is called the arterial oxygen content (CaO2)and is normally 17-24 ml/dL and can be determined by this equation:

      CaO2 = oxygen bound to haemoglobin + oxygen dissolved in plasma

      CaO2 = (1.34 × Hgb × SaO2 × 0.01) + (0.003 × PaO2)

      where:

      1.34 = Huffner’s constant (D) – Huffner’s constant does not change and its magnitude relatively small.
      Hgb is the haemoglobin level in g/dL and SaO2 is the percent oxyhaemoglobin saturation of arterial blood
      PaO2 is (0.0225 = ml of O2 dissolved per 100 ml plasma per kPa, or 0.003 ml per mmHg).

      Quantitatively, the amount of oxygen dissolved in plasma is 0.3 mL/dL.

      Henry’s law states that at constant temperature, the amount of gas dissolved at equilibrium in a given quantity of a liquid is proportional to the pressure of the gas in contact with the liquid.

      Given a haemoglobin concentration of 15 g/dL and a SaO2 of 100% and a PaO2 of 13.3 kPa, the amount of oxygen bound to haemoglobin is 20.4 mL/100mL.

      Cardiac output is an important determinant of oxygen delivery but does not influence the oxygen content of blood.

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      29.6
      Seconds

  • Question 10 - A patient admitted to the hospital is on oxygen via a venturi mask....

    Incorrect

    • A patient admitted to the hospital is on oxygen via a venturi mask.
      The air entrainment ratio is 1:9 i.e. 1 litre of 100% oxygen from the source entrains 9 litres of air from the atmosphere). The flow rate of 100% oxygen is 6L/minute.

      Based on the given data which of the following value approximates the oxygen concentration delivered to the patient?

      Your Answer: 60%

      Correct Answer: 28%

      Explanation:

      The formula for calculating air: oxygen entrainment ratio is given as :
      100% − FiO2 = air/oxygen entrainment ratio
      Since FiO2 − 21% and the entrainment ratio is already known. Substituting the values in the equation: x = FiO2.

      100 − x = 9
      x − 21
      100 − x = 9(x − 21)
      100 − x = 9x − 189
      10x = 289
      x = 289/10
      x = 28.9%

    • This question is part of the following fields:

      • Basic Physics
      54.8
      Seconds

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