-
Question 1
Correct
-
Liquefactive necrosis is most commonly seen in which of the following conditions:
Your Answer: Ischaemic stroke
Explanation:Liquefactive necrosis results in the loss of all cellular structure and the formation of a soft, semi-solid mass. This is commonly seen in the brain after a cerebral infarction.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Inflammatory Responses
- Pathology
-
-
Question 2
Correct
-
Which of the following is NOT a common clinical manifestation of sickle cell disease?
Your Answer: Iron deficiency
Explanation:Signs and symptoms of Sickle cell disease(SCD):
Acute and chronic pain: The most common clinical manifestation of SCD is vaso-occlusive crisis; pain crises are the most distinguishing clinical feature of SCD
Bone pain: Often seen in long bones of extremities, primarily due to bone marrow infarction
Anaemia: Universally present, chronic, and haemolytic in nature
Aplastic crisis: Serious complication due to infection with parvovirus B19 (B19V)
Splenic sequestration: Characterized by the onset of life-threatening anaemia with rapid enlargement of the spleen and high reticulocyte count
Infection: Organisms that pose the greatest danger include encapsulated respiratory bacteria, particularly Streptococcus pneumoniae; adult infections are predominantly with gram-negative organisms, especially Salmonella
Growth retardation, delayed sexual maturation, being underweight
Hand-foot syndrome: This is a dactylitis presenting as bilateral painful and swollen hands and/or feet in children
Acute chest syndrome: Young children present with chest pain, fever, cough, tachypnoea, leucocytosis, and pulmonary infiltrates in the upper lobes; adults are usually afebrile, dyspnoeic with severe chest pain, with multilobar/lower lobe disease
Pulmonary hypertension: Increasingly recognized as a serious complication of SCD
Avascular necrosis of the femoral or humeral head: Due to vascular occlusion
Central nervous system (CNS) involvement: Most severe manifestation is stroke
Ophthalmologic involvement: Ptosis, retinal vascular changes, proliferative retinitis
Cardiac involvement: Dilation of both ventricles and the left atrium
Gastrointestinal involvement: Cholelithiasis is common in children; liver may become involved
Genitourinary involvement: Kidneys lose concentrating capacity; priapism is a well-recognized complication of SCD
Dermatologic involvement: Leg ulcers are a chronic painful problem -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Pathology
-
-
Question 3
Correct
-
A 20-year-old male has an anaphylactic reaction following a wasp sting.
What type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?
Your Answer: Type I
Explanation:Anaphylaxis is an example of a type I hypersensitivity reaction.
It is IgE mediated.
It requires a prior exposure to the antigen. The initial exposure sensitizes the body to the antigen and a second exposure to that antigen leads to an anaphylactic reaction.
Massive calcium influx into the cells leads to mast cell degranulation.
The Immunoglobulin antigen complex binds to Fc receptors on the surface of mast cells. The result is mast cell degranulation and release of histamine, proteoglycans and serum proteases from cytoplasmic granules.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
-
-
Question 4
Correct
-
Which of the following clinical features is a feature of a chronic extravascular haemolytic anaemia:
Your Answer: Gallstones
Explanation:Clinical features of haemolytic anaemia include:
Anaemia
Jaundice (caused by unconjugated bilirubin in plasma, bilirubin is absent from urine)
Pigment gallstones
Splenomegaly
Ankle ulcers
Expansion of marrow with, in children, bone expansion e.g. frontal bossing in beta-thalassaemia major
Aplastic crisis caused by parvovirus -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Pathology
-
-
Question 5
Incorrect
-
A 2nd-year medical student is solving an exam paper with questions about the immune system. She comes across a question regarding innate immunity. Innate immunity is the immunity naturally present within the body from birth.
Which ONE of the following is not a part of this type of immunity?Your Answer: The complement system
Correct Answer: Antibody production
Explanation:Innate immunity, also called non-specific immunity, refers to the components of the immune system naturally present in the body at birth.
The components of innate immunity include:
1) Natural Killer Cells
2) Neutrophils
3) Macrophages
4) Mast Cells
5) Dendritic Cells
6) Basophils.Acquired or adaptive immunity is acquired in response to infection or vaccination. Although the response takes longer to develop, it is also a more long-lasting form of immunity.
The components of this system include:
1) T lymphocytes
2) B lymphocytes
3) Antibodies -
This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
-
-
Question 6
Correct
-
Which of the following immunoglobulin molecules is the most abundant in secretions (such as saliva and breast milk):
Your Answer: IgA
Explanation:IgA is the predominant antibody class in secretions and tremendous quantities are secreted into various body spaces and onto mucosal surfaces (the gut lumen, the pharynx and sinuses, the larger airways, although not the alveoli).
Because of its size, the majority of IgM is found in the circulation.Along with IgM, IgD is predominant among the surface receptors of mature B cells, where it plays a key role in B cells activation.
IgE has the lowest concentration in normal human serum. It plays a prominent role in immune responses to helminth parasites, and in allergic reactions.
IgG is the most abundant immunoglobulin and constitutes 75 percent of serum immunoglobulin in an adult human -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Immune Responses
- Pathology
-
-
Question 7
Correct
-
Which of the following laboratory findings are indicative of von Willebrand disease (VWD):
Your Answer: Prolonged APTT
Explanation:Laboratory results often show that:
PFA-100 test results are abnormal.
Low levels of factor VIII (if a factor VIII/VWF binding assay is conducted)
APTT is Prolonged (or normal)
PT is normal
VWF values are low.
Defective Platelet aggregation
The platelet count is normal. -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Haematology
- Pathology
-
-
Question 8
Incorrect
-
Which of the following does NOT typically cause a neutrophil leucocytosis:
Your Answer: Myeloproliferative disorders
Correct Answer: Glandular fever
Explanation:Causes of neutrophil leucocytosis:
Bacterial infection
Inflammation and tissue necrosis (e.g. cardiac infarct, trauma, vasculitis, myositis)
Metabolic disorders (e.g. uraemia, acidosis, eclampsia, gout)
Pregnancy
Acute haemorrhage or haemolysis
Neoplasms of all types
Drugs (e.g. corticosteroid therapy, lithium, tetracyclines)
Asplenia
Myeloproliferative disorders (e.g. CML, essential thrombocythaemia, polycythaemia vera, myelofibrosis)
Rare inherited disorders -
This question is part of the following fields:
- Immune Responses
- Pathology
-
-
Question 9
Incorrect
-
Which type of collagen is initially laid down in early wound healing:
Your Answer: I
Correct Answer: III
Explanation:Fibroblasts migrate to the wound (about 2 – 5 days after wounding), proliferate and secrete extracellular matrix comprising mainly collagen (type III) and fibronectin to plug the gap.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- Pathology
- Wound Healing
-
-
Question 10
Correct
-
A 54-year-old man who is acutely unwell has his blood sent for test and the results come back with a CRP of 115.
Which of these statements about C-reactive protein is FALSE?
Your Answer: It is produced in the bone marrow
Explanation:C-reactive protein(CRP) is synthesized in the liver in response to increased interleukin-6 (IL-6) secretion by macrophages and T-cells.
Some conditions that cause CRP levels to a rise include: bacterial infection, fungal infection, severe trauma, autoimmune disease, Organ tissue necrosis, malignancy and surgery.It is useful in the clinical setting as a marker of inflammatory activity and can be used to monitor infections.
CRP levels start to rise 4-6 hours after an inflammatory trigger and reaches peak levels at 36-50 hours.
In the absence of a disease process, the normal plasma concentration is less than 5 mg/l.
CRP is useful for monitoring inflammatory conditions (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis and malignancy), can be used as a prognostic marker in acute pancreatitis, and serial measurement can be used to recognize the onset of nosocomial infections in the intensive care settling.
-
This question is part of the following fields:
- General Pathology
- Pathology
-
SESSION STATS - PERFORMANCE PER SPECIALTY
